Catalysts for producing polymers and enhanced properties

ABSTRACT

Disclosed are novel hafnium-based metallocene catalyst compounds with the following characteristics: 1) 4,5-dialkyl substitutions on a fluorenyl ligand, and optionally additional substitutions, 2) a cyclopentadienyl ligand, optionally with substitutions, and 3) a bridging group from group 14 of the Periodic Table. Also disclosed are catalyst systems comprising such catalyst compounds and their uses thereof, and polymers produced using such catalyst systems.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This invention is a divisional of U.S. Ser. No. 15/334,144, filed Oct. 25, 2016, which claims priority to and the benefit of U.S. Ser. No. 62/268,160, filed Dec. 16, 2015.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to novel hafnium/catalyst compounds comprising 4,5-dialkyl substituted fluorenyl ligands, catalyst systems comprising such and uses thereof, and polymers produced using such catalyst systems.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Polyolefins are of great interest in industry as they have many uses in different areas. Polyolefins, such as polyethylene and polypropylene, are used in everything from waxes and plasticizers to films and structural components. Of late, many have been interested in modifying the architecture of such polyolefins in the hopes of obtaining new and better properties.

Vinyl terminated polymers, including homopolymers of polypropylene and copolymers of ethylene and polypropylene, are known to be useful for post-polymerization reactions due to the available ethylenic unsaturation in one polymer, at one chain end or both. Such reactions include addition reactions, such as those used in grafting other ethylenically unsaturated moieties, and further insertion polymerization where the vinyl terminated polymers are copolymerized with other monomers such as α-olefins and/or other insertion polymerizable monomers.

Vinyl chain ends are generally accepted to be more reactive to chain-end functionalization and insertion in subsequent polymerization reactions than are the other types. Such polymers with a high percentage of vinyl terminal bonds would be desirable for use in the preparation of branched polymers. Accordingly, a need exists for catalysts capable of forming polymers with a high percentage of vinyl terminal bonds.

Alt, Helmut G., et al., Journal of Organometallic Chemistry, vol. 514, issues 1-2, pp. 257-270 (1996), uses certain 3-, 4-, 3-, 4-, and 4,5-substituted zirconocene complexes of the type (C₁₃H_(8-n)R_(n)CR′₂C₅H₄)ZrCl₂, where n is 1 or 2, R is an alkyl or aryl, and R′ is Me or Ph for polypropylene polymerizations. At a polymerization temperature of 62° C., the article reports an activity of 9.3 kg/mmol of catalyst per hour, an Mn of 29,000, and a Tm of 107.9° C. There is no indication, however, that these catalysts produce polymers with vinyl chain ends.

Siedle, A. R., et al., Journal of Molecular Catalysis A: Chemical, vol. 191, issue 2, pp. 167-175 (2003) discusses an asymmetry parameter applied to ansa-bridged metallocene catalysts of the type [(ligand 1)-bridge-(ligand 2)MX₂ where ligands 1 and 2 are variously substituted cyclopentadienyl, indenyl, or fluorenyl groups connected by, e.g., SiMe₂ or C₂H₄ and where M is Ti, Zr, or Hf, and X is a halogen or alkyl group. The asymmetry parameter is defined as the ratio of the van der Waals area of ligand fragment 1 to that of ligand fragment 2. A series of syndioregulating catalysts were used to polymerize propylene. As the catalyst asymmetry parameter increases, the polypropylenes produced are said to have successively higher syndiotacticity. WO 99/20664 claims a metallocene catalyst of the type [(ligand 1)-bridge-(ligand 2)MX₂, where ligand 1 and ligand 2 are different and may include substituted and unsubstituted cyclopentadienyl, indenyl, and fluorenyl groups, the catalyst having an asymmetry parameter of 1.03 to 1.69. WO 99/20664 discloses a catalyst, {flu-CMe₂-Cp}ZrCl₂, having an asymmetry parameter of 2.09.

Other references of interest include: WO 2012/134715 and US 2005/148460.

The presence of long chain branching may lead to improved processability and some improved end-use properties in certain polymers. For instance, long chain branching may result in polymers exhibiting improved melt elasticity and/or improved shear thinning. Polymers produced using conventional Ziegler-Natta catalysts may have long chain branching, but such conventional processes are often more expensive than newer technologies using metallocene catalysts. Metallocene based polymers, however, typically lack long chain branching.

There is still a need for new and improved metallocene catalyst systems for the polymerization of olefins, in order to achieve specific polymer properties, such as polymers with a high percentage of vinyl terminal bonds and higher molecular weights, and polymers with long chain branching. The present invention provides novel catalyst compounds capable of meeting these needs, catalysts systems comprising such compounds, and processes for the polymerization of olefins using such compounds and systems.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to novel hafnium-based metallocene catalyst compounds with the following characteristics: 1) 4,5-dialkyl substitutions on a fluorenyl ligand, and optionally additional substitutions, 2) a cyclopentadienyl ligand, optionally with substitutions, and 3) a bridging group from group 14 of the Periodic Table. The catalyst compounds may be represented by formula (I):

wherein each R¹, R², R³, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R⁹, R¹⁰, R¹¹ and R¹² is independently hydrogen or a C₁ to C₁₀ alkyl, and wherein any of R¹ and R², R² and R³, R⁶ and R⁷, and R⁷ and R⁸ are optionally bonded together to form a ring structure;

each R⁴ and R⁵ is independently a C₁ to C₁₀ alkyl;

J is SiR¹³R¹⁴, GeR¹³R¹⁴ or (CR¹⁵R¹⁶)_(x), where x is 1 or 2; R¹³ and R¹⁴ are each independently selected from the group consisting of substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbyl, halocarbyl, and silylcarbyl; R¹⁵ and R¹⁶ are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbyl, halocarbyl and silylcarbyl; and R¹³ and R¹⁴, or R¹⁵ and R¹⁶, when R¹⁵ and R¹⁶ are not hydrogen, are optionally bonded together to form a ring structure; and

each X is independently a univalent anionic ligand, or two Xs are joined and bound to the metal atom to form a metallocycle ring, or two Xs are joined to form a chelating ligand, a diene ligand, or an alkylidene ligand.

The catalyst compounds may also be represented by formula (II):

wherein each R¹, R², R³, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R⁹, and R¹² is independently hydrogen or a C₁ to C₁₀ alkyl, and wherein any of R¹ and R², R² and R³, R⁶ and R⁷, and R⁷ and R⁸ are optionally bonded together to form a ring structure;

each R⁴ and R⁵ is independently a C₁ to C₁₀ alkyl;

each R¹³ and R¹⁴ is independently selected from the group consisting of substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbyl, halocarbyl, and silylcarbyl; and

each X is independently a univalent anionic ligand, or two Xs are joined and bound to the metal atom to form a metallocycle ring, or two Xs are joined to form a chelating ligand, a diene ligand, or an alkylidene ligand.

The catalyst compounds may also be represented by formula (III):

wherein each R¹, R², R³, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R⁹, and R¹² is independently hydrogen or a C₁ to C₁₀ alkyl, and wherein any of R¹ and R², R² and R³, R⁶ and R⁷, and R⁷ and R⁸ are optionally bonded together to form a ring structure;

each R⁴ and R⁵ is independently a C₁ to C₁₀ alkyl;

x is 1 or 2;

each R¹⁵ and R¹⁶ is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbyl, halocarbyl and silylcarbyl; and R¹⁵ and R¹⁶, when R¹⁵ and R¹⁶ are not hydrogen, are optionally bonded together to form a ring structure; and

each X is independently a univalent anionic ligand, or two Xs are joined and bound to the metal atom to form a metallocycle ring, or two Xs are joined to form a chelating ligand, a diene ligand, or an alkylidene ligand.

This invention also relates to catalyst systems comprising one or more catalyst compounds of formula (I), (II), or (III) in combination with an activator. The catalyst systems may be used to polymerize olefins in a process comprising contacting one or more olefins with a catalyst system comprising one or more catalyst compounds of formula (I), (II), or (III) and an activator.

The invention also relates to a method for making a vinyl terminated syndiotactic polypropylene polymer having at least 50% allyl chain ends and/or 3-alkyl chain ends relative to the total number of unsaturated chain ends, wherein the process comprises contacting propylene with a catalyst system, the catalyst system comprising an activator and at least one metallocene compound represented by formula (IV):

wherein each R¹, R², R³, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R⁹, and R¹² is independently hydrogen or a C₁ to C₁₀ alkyl, and wherein any of R¹ and R², R² and R³, R⁶ and R⁷, and R⁷ and R⁸ are optionally bonded together to form a ring structure;

each R⁴ and R⁵ is independently a C₁ to C₁₀ alkyl;

each R¹³ and R¹⁴ is independently selected from the group consisting of substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbyl, halocarbyl, and silylcarbyl; and

each X is independently a univalent anionic ligand, or two Xs are joined and bound to the metal atom to form a metallocycle ring, or two Xs are joined to form a chelating ligand, a diene ligand, or an alkylidene ligand.

The invention also relates to a syndiotactic propylene homopolymer having: 1) at least 50% allyl chain ends and/or 3-alkyl chain ends relative to the total number of unsaturated chain ends; 2) an Mw of 4000 g/mol or more; and 3) no detectable melting temperature by DSC.

The catalyst compounds disclosed herein are particularly useful for making vinyl terminated polymers with high Mw, such as but not limited to polypropylene homopolymers, ethylene and propylene copolymers, and ethylene propylene diene copolymers or terpolymers (EPDM). The vinyl unsaturation of the polymers made using the catalysts and methods herein may be further enhanced by controlling process conditions, such as through the use of higher reactor temperatures or type of activator.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1 is a graph of vinyl unsaturation versus reactor ethylene pressure for polymers produced at 70° C. by inventive and comparative catalysts.

FIG. 2 is a graph of vinyl unsaturation versus reactor temperature at several reactor temperatures for polypropylene polymers produced by inventive and comparative catalysts.

FIG. 3 is a graph of vinyl unsaturation versus polymer Mn for polypropylene polymers produced at various reactor temperatures.

FIG. 4 is a graph of comonomer incorporation versus catalyst activity for ethylene-ENB copolymers produced by inventive and comparative catalysts.

FIG. 5 is a graph of comonomer incorporation versus polymer Mn for the same ethylene-ENB copolymers shown in FIG. 4.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

For the purposes of this invention and the claims thereto, the new numbering scheme for the Periodic Table Groups is used as described in Chemical and Engineering News, 63(5), pg. 27 (1985). Therefore, a “group 4 metal” is an element from group 4 of the Periodic Table, e.g., Hf, Ti, or Zr.

The following abbreviations may be used herein: Me is methyl, Et is ethyl, Pr is propyl, cPr is cyclopropyl, nPr is n-propyl, iPr is isopropyl, Bu is butyl, nBu is normal butyl, iBu is isobutyl, sBu is sec-butyl, tBu is tert-butyl, Oct is octyl, Ph is phenyl, Bn is benzyl, and MAO is methylalumoxane.

For purposes of this disclosure, “hydrocarbyl radical” is defined to be a C₁-C₁₀₀ radical, that may be linear, branched, or cyclic, and when cyclic, aromatic or non-aromatic. Substituted hydrocarbyl radicals are radicals in which at least one hydrogen atom has been substituted with at least one functional group such as NR*₂, OR*, SeR*, TeR*, PR*₂, AsR*₂, SbR*₂, SR*, BR*₂, SiR*₃, GeR*₃, SnR*₃, PbR*₃ and the like or where at least one non-hydrocarbon atom or group has been inserted within the hydrocarbyl radical, such as —O—, —S—, —Se—, —Te—, —N(R*)—, ═N—, —P(R*)—, ═P—, —As(R*)—, ═As—, —Sb(R*)—, ═Sb—, —B(R*)—, ═B—, —Si(R*)₂—, —Ge(R*)₂—, —Sn(R*)₂—, —Pb(R*)₂— and the like, where R* is independently a hydrocarbyl or halocarbyl radical, and two or more R* may join together to form a substituted or unsubstituted saturated, partially unsaturated or aromatic cyclic or polycyclic ring structure.

Halocarbyl radicals are radicals in which one or more hydrocarbyl hydrogen atoms have been substituted with at least one halogen (e.g., F, Cl, Br, I) or halogen-containing group (e.g., CF₃).

Substituted halocarbyl radicals are radicals in which at least one halocarbyl hydrogen or halogen atom has been substituted with at least one functional group such as NR*₂, OR*, SeR*, TeR*, PR*₂, AsR*₂, SbR*₂, SR*, BR*₂, SiR*₃, GeR*₃, SnR*₃, PbR*₃ and the like or where at least one non-carbon atom or group has been inserted within the halocarbyl radical such as —O—, —S—, —Se—, —Te—, —N(R*)—, ═N—, —P(R*)—, ═P—, —As(R*)—, ═As—, —Sb(R*)—, ═Sb—, —B(R*)—, ═B—, —Si(R*)₂—, —Ge(R*)₂—, —Sn(R*)₂—, —Pb(R*)₂— and the like, where R* is independently a hydrocarbyl or halocarbyl radical provided that at least one halogen atom remains on the original halocarbyl radical. Additionally, two or more R* may join together to form a substituted or unsubstituted saturated, partially unsaturated or aromatic cyclic or polycyclic ring structure.

Silylcarbyl radicals (also called silylcarbyls) are groups in which the silyl functionality is bonded directly to the indicated atom or atoms. Examples include SiH₃, SiH₂R*, SiHR*₂, SiR*₃, SiH₂(OR*), SiH(OR*)₂, Si(OR*)₃, SiH₂(NR*₂), SiH(NR*₂)₂, Si(NR*₂)₃, and the like where R* is independently a hydrocarbyl or halocarbyl radical and two or more R* may join together to form a substituted or unsubstituted saturated, partially unsaturated or aromatic cyclic or polycyclic ring structure. Preferred silylcarbyls are of formula SiR*₃. Polar radicals or polar groups are groups in which the heteroatom functionality is bonded directly to the indicated atom or atoms. They include heteroatoms of Groups 13-17 of the Periodic Table either alone or connected to other elements by covalent or other interactions such as ionic, van der Waals forces, or hydrogen bonding.

The term “aryl” or “aryl group” means a six carbon aromatic ring and the substituted variants thereof, including but not limited to, phenyl, 2-methyl-phenyl, xylyl, and 4-bromo-xylyl. Likewise, “heteroaryl” means an aryl group where a ring carbon atom (or two or three ring carbon atoms) has been replaced with a heteroatom, preferably N, O, or S. As used herein, the term “aromatic” also refers to pseudoaromatic heterocycles, which are heterocyclic substituents that have similar properties and structures (nearly planar) to aromatic heterocyclic ligands, but are not by definition aromatic; likewise, the term “aromatic” also refers to substituted aromatics.

As used herein, Mn is number average molecular weight, Mw is weight average molecular weight, and Mz is z average molecular weight, wt % is weight percent, and mol % is mole percent. Molecular weight distribution (MWD), also referred to as polydispersity, is defined to be Mw divided by Mn. Unless otherwise noted, all molecular weight units (e.g., Mw, Mn, Mz) are g/mol.

Unless otherwise noted all melting points (Tm) are DSC second melt.

Room temperature is 23° C. unless otherwise noted.

Catalyst Compounds

This invention relates to a novel group of hafnium-based metallocene catalyst compounds with the following characteristics: 1) 4,5-dialkyl substitutions on a fluorenyl ligand, and optionally with additional substitutions, 2) a cyclopentadienyl ligand, optionally with substitutions, and 3) a bridging group from group 14 of the Periodic Table.

These catalyst compounds are particularly useful for making vinyl terminated polymers with high Mw, such as but not limited to polypropylene homopolymers, ethylene and propylene copolymers, and ethylene propylene diene copolymers or terpolymers (EPDM), including EPDM with long chain branching. For example, catalyst compounds of the invention can produce amorphous polypropylene with a high percentage of vinyl unsaturation. The vinyl unsaturation of the polymers made using the catalysts and methods herein may be further enhanced by controlling process conditions, such as through the use of higher reactor temperatures or type of activator.

The catalyst compounds disclosed herein enable the ability to incorporate in situ long chain branching into the polymers formed. For example, the catalyst compounds may enable long chain branches to be incorporated into linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE), polypropylene, EPDM, or other polymers through incorporation of in situ generated vinyl terminated macromonomer into growing polymer chains. Long chain branches, even at very low concentrations, have a strong impact on polymer melt behavior and thus can favorably affect polymer processing properties.

This hafnium-based metallocene catalyst compounds of the invention have the following characteristics: 1) 4,5-dialkyl substitutions on a fluorenyl ligand, and optionally additional substitutions, 2) a cyclopentadienyl ligand, optionally with substitutions, and 3) a bridging group from group 14 of the Periodic Table. The catalyst compounds may be represented by formula (I):

wherein each R¹, R², R³, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R⁹, R¹⁰, R¹¹, and R¹² is independently hydrogen or a C₁ to C₁₀ alkyl, and wherein any of R¹ and R², R² and R³, R⁶ and R⁷, and R⁷ and R⁸ are optionally bonded together to form a ring structure;

each R⁴ and R⁵ is independently a C₁ to C₁₀ alkyl;

J is SiR¹³R¹⁴, GeR¹³R¹⁴ or (CR¹⁵R¹⁶)_(x), where x is 1 or 2; R¹³, R¹⁴ are each independently selected from the group consisting of substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbyl, halocarbyl, and silylcarbyl; R¹⁵ and R¹⁶ are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbyl, halocarbyl and silylcarbyl; and R¹³ and R¹⁴, or R¹⁵ and R¹⁶, when R¹⁵ and R¹⁶ are not hydrogen, are optionally bonded together to form a ring structure; and

each X is independently a univalent anionic ligand, or two Xs are joined and bound to the metal atom to form a metallocycle ring, or two Xs are joined to form a chelating ligand, a diene ligand, or an alkylidene ligand.

The catalyst compounds may also be represented by formula (II):

wherein each R¹, R², R³, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R⁹, and R¹² is independently hydrogen or a C₁ to C₁₀ alkyl, and wherein any of R¹ and R², R² and R³, R⁶ and R⁷, and R⁷ and R⁸ are optionally bonded together to form a ring structure;

each R⁴ and R⁵ is independently a C₁ to C₁₀ alkyl;

each R¹³ and R¹⁴ is independently selected from the group consisting of substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbyl, halocarbyl, and silylcarbyl; and

each X is independently a univalent anionic ligand, or two Xs are joined and bound to the metal atom to form a metallocycle ring, or two Xs are joined to form a chelating ligand, a diene ligand, or an alkylidene ligand.

The catalyst compounds may also be represented by formula (III):

wherein each R¹, R², R³, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R⁹, and R¹² is independently hydrogen or a C₁ to C₁₀ alkyl, and wherein any of R¹ and R², R² and R³, R⁶ and R⁷, and R⁷ and R⁸ are optionally bonded together to form a ring structure;

each R⁴ and R⁵ is independently a C₁ to C₁₀ alkyl;

x is 1 or 2;

each R¹⁵ and R¹⁶ is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbyl, halocarbyl and silylcarbyl; and R¹⁵ and R¹⁶, when R¹⁵ and R¹⁶ are not hydrogen, are optionally bonded together to form a ring structure; and

each X is independently a univalent anionic ligand, or two Xs are joined and bound to the metal atom to form a metallocycle ring, or two Xs are joined to form a chelating ligand, a diene ligand, or an alkylidene ligand.

This invention also relates to a method for making a vinyl terminated syndiotactic polypropylene polymer having at least 50% allyl chain ends and/or 3-alkyl chain ends relative to the total number of unsaturated chain ends, wherein the process comprises contacting propylene with a catalyst system, the catalyst system comprising an activator and at least one metallocene compound represented by formula (IV):

wherein each R¹, R², R³, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R⁹, and R¹² is independently hydrogen or a C₁ to C₁₀ alkyl, and wherein any of R¹ and R², R² and R³, R⁶ and R⁷, and R⁷ and R⁸ are optionally bonded together to form a ring structure;

each R⁴ and R⁵ is independently a C₁ to C₁₀ alkyl;

each R¹³ and R¹⁴ is independently selected from the group consisting of substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbyl, halocarbyl, and silylcarbyl; and

each X is independently a univalent anionic ligand, or two Xs are joined and bound to the metal atom to form a metallocycle ring, or two Xs are joined to form a chelating ligand, a diene ligand, or an alkylidene ligand.

The invention also relates to a syndiotactic propylene homopolymer having: 1) at least 50% allyl chain ends and/or 3-alkyl chain ends relative to the total number of unsaturated chain ends; 2) an Mw of 4000 g/mol or more; and 3) no detectable melting temperature by DSC.

In formula (I), R⁴ and R⁵ may be independently selected from methyl, ethyl, propyl or butyl or isomers thereof; preferably n-propyl, isopropyl, methyl, or ethyl; even more preferably methyl or ethyl. For example, R⁴ and R⁵ may be methyl or R⁴ and R⁵ may be ethyl. Alternately, both R⁴ and R⁵ are not methyl.

In formula (I), R¹, R², R³, R⁶, R⁷, and R⁸ may be independently selected from hydrogen, or a C₁-C₅ alkyl, and are preferably hydrogen.

In formula (I), R⁹, R¹⁰, and R¹² may be independently selected from hydrogen or a C₁-C₅ alkyl; preferably R⁹ and R¹² are independently hydrogen or a C₁-C₅ alkyl and R¹⁰ and R¹¹ are hydrogen; more preferably, R⁹, R¹⁰, R¹¹, and R¹² are hydrogen.

In formula (I), J may be SiR¹³R¹⁴, with each R¹³ and R¹⁴ independently selected from substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbyl, halocarbyl, and silylcarbyl, and R¹³ and R¹⁴ are optionally bonded together to form a ring structure. For example, R¹³ and R¹⁴ may be independently selected from methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl, phenyl, tolyl, benzyl, and isomers thereof. J may also be selected from dimethylsilylene, diethylsilylene, methylethylsilylene, methylphenylsilylene, diphenylsilylene and dipropylsilylene. In formula (I), R¹³ and R¹⁴ may be joined together to form a 4, 5, or 6-membered ring structure. J may also be selected from cyclotrimethylenesilylene, cyclotetramethylenesilylene, and cyclopentamethylenesilylene. J may also be (CR¹⁵R¹⁶)_(x), where x is 1 or 2, R¹⁵ and R¹⁶ are each independently selected from hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbyl, halocarbyl, and silylcarbyl, and R¹⁵ and R¹⁶, when not hydrogen, are optionally bonded together to form a ring structure. J may also be selected from dimethylmethylene, diethylmethylene, methylethylmethylene, methylphenylmethylene, diphenylmethylene and dipropylmethylene. J may also be selected from cyclotetramethylene, cyclopentamethylene, and cyclohexamethylene. J may also be ethylene or methylene.

In formula (I), x may be 1 and R¹⁵ and R¹⁶ may be independently selected from hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl, phenyl, tolyl, benzyl, and isomers thereof. In formula (I), x may be 1 and R¹⁵ and R¹⁶ may be joined together to form a 4, 5, or 6-membered ring structure. In formula (I), x may also be 1 or 2 and R¹⁵ and R¹⁶ may be hydrogen.

In formula (II) or (III), R¹, R², R³, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R⁹ and R¹² may be independently selected from hydrogen or a C₁-C₅ alkyl, preferably hydrogen; R⁴ and R⁵ may be independently selected from methyl, ethyl, propyl or butyl or isomers thereof, preferably n-propyl, isopropyl, methyl or ethyl, and more preferably methyl or ethyl.

In formula (II), R¹³ and R¹⁴ may be independently selected from methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl, phenyl, tolyl, benzyl, and isomers thereof, more preferably methyl, ethyl, and phenyl. In formula II, R¹³ and R¹⁴ may be joined together to form a 4, 5, or 6-membered ring structure.

In formula (III), x may be 1 and R¹⁵ and R¹⁶ may be independently selected from hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl, phenyl, tolyl, benzyl, and isomers thereof, preferably methyl, ethyl, and phenyl. In formula (III), x may be 1 and R¹⁵ and R¹⁶ may be joined together to form a 4, 5, or 6-membered ring structure.

In formula (III), R⁴ and R⁵ may be ethyl.

In any of formulas (I), (II), (III), or (IV), each X may be independently selected from methyl, benzyl, or halo where halo includes fluoride, chloride, bromide and iodide. For example, each X may be independently methyl or chloride.

Catalyst compounds that are particularly useful in this invention include one or more of the catalyst compounds represented by formulas Cat ID 1, Cat ID 2, Cat ID 3, and Cat ID 4:

Activators

The terms “cocatalyst” and “activator” are used herein interchangeably and are defined to be any compound which can activate any one of the catalyst compounds described above by converting the neutral catalyst compound to a catalytically active catalyst compound cation. Non-limiting activators, for example, include alumoxanes, aluminum alkyls, ionizing activators, which may be neutral or ionic, and conventional-type cocatalysts. Preferred activators typically include alumoxane compounds, modified alumoxane compounds, and ionizing anion precursor compounds that abstract a reactive, σ-bound, metal ligand making the metal complex cationic and providing a charge-balancing noncoordinating or weakly coordinating anion.

Alumoxane activators may be utilized as an activator. Alumoxanes are generally oligomeric compounds containing —Al(R1)-O— sub-units, where R1 is an alkyl group. Examples of alumoxanes include methylalumoxane (MAO), modified methylalumoxane (MMAO), ethylalumoxane and isobutylalumoxane. Alkylalumoxanes and modified alkylalumoxanes are suitable as catalyst activators, particularly when the abstractable ligand is an alkyl, halide, alkoxide, or amide. Mixtures of different alumoxanes and modified alumoxanes may also be used. A visually clear methylalumoxane may be used. A cloudy or gelled alumoxane can be filtered to produce a clear solution or clear alumoxane can be decanted from the cloudy solution.

When the activator is an alumoxane (modified or unmodified), the maximum amount of activator may be a 5000-fold molar excess Al/M over the catalyst compound (per metal catalytic site). The minimum activator-to-catalyst-compound is a 1:1 molar ratio. Alternate ranges include from 1:1 to 500:1, alternately from 1:1 to 200:1, alternately from 1:1 to 100:1, or alternately from 1:1 to 50:1.

Little or no alumoxane may also be used in the polymerization processes described herein. For example, alumoxane may be present at zero mole %, or the alumoxane may be present at a molar ratio of aluminum to catalyst compound transition metal less than 500:1, less than 300:1, less than 100:1, or less than 1:1.

The term “non-coordinating anion” (NCA) means an anion which either does not coordinate to a cation or which is only weakly coordinated to a cation thereby remaining sufficiently labile to be displaced by a neutral Lewis base. The term NCA is also defined to include multicomponent NCA-containing activators, such as N,N-dimethylanilinium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate, that contain an acidic cationic group and the non-coordinating anion. The term NCA is also defined to include neutral Lewis acids, such as tris(pentafluorophenyl)boron, that can react with a catalyst to form an activated species by abstraction of an anionic group. An NCA coordinates weakly enough that a neutral Lewis base, such as an olefinically or acetylenically unsaturated monomer can displace it from the catalyst center. Any metal or metalloid that can form a compatible, weakly coordinating complex may be used or contained in the noncoordinating anion. Suitable metals include, but are not limited to, aluminum, gold, and platinum. Suitable metalloids include, but are not limited to, boron, aluminum, phosphorus, and silicon. A stoichiometric activator can be either neutral or ionic. The terms ionic activator, and stoichiometric ionic activator can be used interchangeably. Likewise, the terms neutral stoichiometric activator, and Lewis acid activator can be used interchangeably. The term non-coordinating anion includes neutral stoichiometric activators, ionic stoichiometric activators, ionic activators, and Lewis acid activators.

“Compatible” non-coordinating anions are those which are not degraded to neutrality when the initially formed complex decomposes. Further, the anion will not transfer an anionic substituent or fragment to the cation so as to cause it to form a neutral transition metal compound and a neutral by-product from the anion. Non-coordinating anions useful in this invention are those that are compatible, stabilize the transition metal cation in the sense of balancing its ionic charge at +1, and yet retain sufficient lability to permit displacement during polymerization.

It is within the scope of this invention to use an ionizing or stoichiometric activator, neutral or ionic, such as tri (n-butyl) ammonium tetrakis (pentafluorophenyl) borate, a trisperfluorophenyl boron metalloid precursor or a tris perfluoronaphthyl boron metalloid precursor, polyhalogenated heteroborane anions (WO 98/43983), boric acid (U.S. Pat. No. 5,942,459), or combination thereof. It is also within the scope of this invention to use neutral or ionic activators alone or in combination with alumoxane or modified alumoxane activators.

Boron-containing NCA activators represented by the formula below may be used: (Z)_(d) ⁺(A^(d−)) wherein Z is (L-H) or a reducible Lewis Acid, L is a neutral Lewis base; H is hydrogen; (L-H)⁺ is a Bronsted acid; A^(d−) is a non-coordinating anion having the charge d−; and d is an integer from 1 to 3.

When Z is (L-H) such that the cation component is (L-H)_(d)+, the cation component may include Bronsted acids, such as protonated Lewis bases capable of protonating a moiety, such as an alkyl or aryl, from the bulky ligand metallocene containing transition metal catalyst precursor, resulting in a cationic transition metal species. When Z is a reducible Lewis acid it may be represented by the formula: (Ar₃C⁺), where Ar is aryl or aryl substituted with a heteroatom, a C₁ to C₄₀ hydrocarbyl, or a substituted C₁ to C₄₀ hydrocarbyl, preferably the reducible Lewis acid is represented by the formula: (Ph₃C⁺), where Ph is phenyl or phenyl substituted with a heteroatom, a C₁ to C₄₀ hydrocarbyl, or a substituted C₁ to C₄₀ hydrocarbyl. The reducible Lewis acid may be triphenyl carbenium.

The anion component A^(d−) may include those having the formula [M^(k+)Q_(n)]^(d−) wherein k is 1, 2, or 3; n is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6, preferably 3, 4, 5 or 6; n−k=d; M is an element selected from Group 13 of the Periodic Table of the Elements, preferably boron or aluminum, and Q is independently a hydride, bridged or unbridged dialkylamido, halide, alkoxide, aryloxide, hydrocarbyl, substituted hydrocarbyl, halocarbyl, substituted halocarbyl, and halosubstituted-hydrocarbyl radicals, said Q having up to 20 carbon atoms with the proviso that in not more than one occurrence is Q a halide, and two Q groups may form a ring structure. Each Q may be a fluorinated hydrocarbyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, a fluorinated aryl group, or a pentafluoro aryl group. Examples of suitable A^(d−) components also include diboron compounds as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,447,895, which is fully incorporated herein by reference.

In any NCAs represented by formula 2 above, the reducible Lewis acid is represented by the formula: (Ar₃C+), where Ar is aryl or aryl substituted with a heteroatom, a C₁ to C₄₀ hydrocarbyl, or a substituted C₁ to C₄₀ hydrocarbyl, preferably the reducible Lewis acid is represented by the formula: (Ph₃C+), where Ph is phenyl or phenyl substituted with a heteroatom, a C₁ to C₄₀ hydrocarbyl, or a substituted C₁ to C₄₀ hydrocarbyl.

Bulky activators may also be useful herein. A “Bulky activator” as used herein refers to anionic activators represented by the formula:

where:

each R₁ is, independently, a halide, preferably a fluoride;

each R₂ is, independently, a halide, a C₆ to C₂₀ substituted aromatic hydrocarbyl group or a siloxy group of the formula —O—Si—R_(a), where R_(a) is a C₁ to C₂₀ hydrocarbyl or hydrocarbylsilyl group (preferably R₂ is a fluoride or a perfluorinated phenyl group);

each R₃ is a halide, C₆ to C₂₀ substituted aromatic hydrocarbyl group or a siloxy group of the formula —O—Si—R_(a), where R_(a) is a C₁ to C₂₀ hydrocarbyl or hydrocarbylsilyl group (preferably R₃ is a fluoride or a C₆ perfluorinated aromatic hydrocarbyl group); wherein R₂ and R₃ can form one or more saturated or unsaturated, substituted or unsubstituted rings (preferably R₂ and R₃ form a perfluorinated phenyl ring);

L is a neutral Lewis base; (L-H)⁺ is a Bronsted acid; d is 1, 2, or 3;

wherein the anion has a molecular weight of greater than 1020 g/mol; and

wherein at least three of the substituents on the B atom each have a molecular volume of greater than 250 cubic Å, alternately greater than 300 cubic Å, or alternately greater than 500 cubic Å.

“Molecular volume” is used herein as an approximation of spatial steric bulk of an activator molecule in solution. Comparison of substituents with differing molecular volumes allows the substituent with the smaller molecular volume to be considered “less bulky” in comparison to the substituent with the larger molecular volume. Conversely, a substituent with a larger molecular volume may be considered “more bulky” than a substituent with a smaller molecular volume.

Molecular volume may be calculated as reported in “A Simple “Back of the Envelope” Method for Estimating the Densities and Molecular Volumes of Liquids and Solids,” Journal of Chemical Education, Vol. 71, No. 11, November 1994, pp. 962-964. Molecular volume (MV), in units of cubic Å, is calculated using the formula: MV=8.3V_(S), where V_(S) is the scaled volume. V_(S) is the sum of the relative volumes of the constituent atoms, and is calculated from the molecular formula of the substituent using the following table of relative volumes. For fused rings, the V_(S) is decreased by 7.5% per fused ring.

Element Relative Volume H 1 1^(st) short period, Li to F 2 2^(nd) short period, Na to Cl 4 1^(st) long period, K to Br 5 2^(nd) long period, Rb to I 7.5 3^(rd) long period, Cs to Bi 9

For a list of possibly useful Bulky activators please see U.S. Pat. No. 8,658,556, which is incorporated by reference herein. Additionally, an NCA activator may be chosen from the activators described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,211,105, which is incorporated by reference herein.

It is also within the scope of this invention to use activators that are a combination of alumoxanes and NCAs (see for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,153,157; 5,453,410; EP 0 573 120; WO 94/07928; and WO 95/14044 which discuss the use of an alumoxane in combination with an ionizing activator).

Optional Scavengers or Co-Activators

In addition to these activator compounds, scavengers or co-activators may be used. Aluminum alkyl or organoaluminum compounds which may be utilized as scavengers or co-activators include, for example, trimethylaluminum, triethylaluminum, triisobutylaluminum, tri-n-hexylaluminum, tri-n-octylaluminum, bis(diisobutylaluminum)oxide, and diethyl zinc.

Optional Support Materials

The catalyst system may comprise an inert support material. Preferably the supported material is a porous support material, for example, talc, and inorganic oxides. Other support materials include zeolites, clays, organoclays, or any other organic or inorganic support material and the like, or mixtures thereof.

The support material may be an inorganic oxide in a finely divided form. Suitable inorganic oxide materials for use in metallocene catalyst systems herein include Groups 2, 4, 13, and 14 metal oxides, such as silica, alumina, and mixtures thereof. Other inorganic oxides that may be employed either alone or in combination with the silica, or alumina are magnesia, titania, zirconia, and the like. Other suitable support materials, however, can be employed, for example, finely divided functionalized polyolefins, such as finely divided polyethylene. Particularly useful supports include magnesia, titania, zirconia, montmorillonite, phyllosilicate, zeolites, talc, clays, and the like. Also, combinations of these support materials may be used, for example, silica-chromium, silica-alumina, silica-titania, and the like. Preferred support materials include Al₂O₃, ZrO₂, SiO₂, and combinations thereof, more preferably SiO₂, Al₂O₃, or SiO₂/Al₂O₃.

The support material, such as an inorganic oxide, may have a surface area in the range of from about 10 to about 700 m²/g, pore volume in the range of from about 0.1 to about 4.0 cc/g and average particle size in the range of from about 5 to about 500 μm. The surface area of the support material may be in the range of from about 50 to about 500 m²/g, pore volume of from about 0.5 to about 3.5 cc/g and average particle size of from about 10 to about 200 μm. Additionally, the surface area of the support material may be in the range is from about 100 to about 400 m²/g, pore volume from about 0.8 to about 3.0 cc/g and average particle size is from about 5 to about 100 μm. The average pore size of the support material useful in the invention is in the range of from 10 to 1000 Å, preferably 50 to about 500 Å, and most preferably 75 to about 350 Å. In some embodiments, the support material is a high surface area, amorphous silica (surface area=300 m²/gm; pore volume of 1.65 cm³/gm).

Polymerization Processes

Monomers useful herein include substituted or unsubstituted C₂ to C₄₀ alpha olefins, C₂ to C₂₀ alpha olefins, C₂ to C₁₂ alpha olefins, and preferably ethylene, propylene, butene, pentene, hexene, heptene, octene, nonene, decene, undecene, dodecene, and isomers thereof. The monomer may comprise propylene and an optional comonomers comprising one or more ethylene or C₄ to C₄₀ olefins, preferably C₄ to C₂₀ olefins, or preferably C₆ to C₁₂ olefins. The C₄ to C₄₀ olefin monomers may be linear, branched, or cyclic. The C₄ to C₄₀ cyclic olefins may be strained or unstrained, monocyclic or polycyclic, and may optionally include heteroatoms and/or one or more functional groups. The monomer may comprise ethylene and an optional comonomers comprising one or more C₃ to C₄₀ olefins, C₄ to C₂₀ olefins, or C₆ to C₁₂ olefins. The C₃ to C₄₀ olefin monomers may be linear, branched, or cyclic. The C₃ to C₄₀ cyclic olefins may be strained or unstrained, monocyclic or polycyclic, and may optionally include heteroatoms and/or one or more functional groups.

Exemplary C₂ to C₄₀ olefin monomers and optional comonomers include ethylene, propylene, butene, pentene, hexene, heptene, octene, nonene, decene, undecene, dodecene, norbornene, norbornadiene, dicyclopentadiene, cyclopentene, cycloheptene, cyclooctene, cyclooctadiene, cyclododecene, 7-oxanorbornene, 7-oxanorbornadiene, substituted derivatives thereof, and isomers thereof, preferably hexene, heptene, octene, nonene, decene, dodecene, cyclooctene, 1,5-cyclooctadiene, 1-hydroxy-4-cyclooctene, 1-acetoxy-4-cyclooctene, 5-methylcyclopentene, cyclopentene, dicyclopentadiene, norbornene, norbornadiene, and their respective homologs and derivatives, preferably norbornene, norbornadiene, and dicyclopentadiene.

One or more dienes may be present in the polymer produced herein at up to 10 weight %, preferably at 0.00001 to 1.0 weight %, preferably 0.002 to 0.5 weight %, even more preferably 0.003 to 0.2 weight %, based upon the total weight of the composition. In some embodiments 500 ppm or less of diene is added to the polymerization, preferably 400 ppm or less, preferably or 300 ppm or less. In other embodiments at least 50 ppm of diene is added to the polymerization, or 100 ppm or more, or 150 ppm or more.

Preferred diolefin monomers useful in this invention include any hydrocarbon structure, preferably C₄ to C₃₀, having at least two unsaturated bonds, wherein at least two of the unsaturated bonds are readily incorporated into a polymer by either a stereospecific or a non-stereospecific catalyst(s). It is further preferred that the diolefin monomers be selected from alpha, omega-diene monomers (i.e., di-vinyl monomers). More preferably, the diolefin monomers are linear di-vinyl monomers, most preferably those containing from 4 to 30 carbon atoms. Examples of preferred dienes include butadiene, pentadiene, hexadiene, heptadiene, octadiene, nonadiene, decadiene, undecadiene, dodecadiene, tridecadiene, tetradecadiene, pentadecadiene, hexadecadiene, heptadecadiene, octadecadiene, nonadecadiene, icosadiene, heneicosadiene, docosadiene, tricosadiene, tetracosadiene, pentacosadiene, hexacosadiene, heptacosadiene, octacosadiene, nonacosadiene, triacontadiene, particularly preferred dienes include 1,6-heptadiene, 1,7-octadiene, 1,8-nonadiene, 1,9-decadiene, 1,10-undecadiene, 1,11-dodecadiene, 1,12-tridecadiene, 1,13-tetradecadiene, and low molecular weight polybutadienes (Mw less than 1000 g/mol). Preferred cyclic dienes include cyclopentadiene, 5-vinyl-2-norbornene, norbornadiene, 5-ethylidene-2-norbornene, divinylbenzene, dicyclopentadiene or higher ring containing diolefins with or without substituents at various ring positions.

Preferred monomers may include 1) propylene alone, or 2) ethylene and propylene together, or 3) ethylene, propylene and 5-ethylidene-2-norbornene together.

Polymerization processes of this invention can be carried out in any manner known in the art. Any suspension, homogeneous, bulk, solution, slurry, or gas phase polymerization process known in the art can be used. Such processes can be run in a batch, semi-batch, or continuous mode. Homogeneous polymerization processes and slurry processes are preferred. A bulk homogeneous process is particularly preferred. A bulk process is defined to be a process where monomer concentration in all feeds to the reactor is 70 volume % or more. Alternately, no solvent or diluent is present or added in the reaction medium (except for the small amounts used as the carrier for the catalyst system or other additives, or amounts typically found with the monomer; e.g., propane in propylene). In another embodiment, the process is a slurry process. As used herein the term “slurry polymerization process” means a polymerization process where a supported catalyst is employed and monomers are polymerized on the supported catalyst particles. At least 95 wt % of polymer products derived from the supported catalyst are in granular form as solid particles (not dissolved in the diluent). Suitable diluents/solvents for polymerization include non-coordinating, inert liquids.

The feed concentration of the monomers and comonomers for the polymerization may be 60 vol % solvent or less, preferably 40 vol % or less, or preferably 20 vol % or less, based on the total volume of the feedstream. Preferably the polymerization is run in a bulk process.

Polymerizations can be run at any temperature and/or pressure suitable to obtain the desired polymers. Typical temperatures and/or pressures include a temperature in the range of from about 0° C. to about 300° C., preferably about 20° C. to about 200° C., preferably about 60° C. to about 180° C., preferably from about 70° C. to about 170° C., preferably from about 80° C. to about 160° C.; and at a pressure in the range of from about 0.35 MPa to about 10 MPa, preferably from about 0.45 MPa to about 6 MPa, or preferably from about 0.5 MPa to about 4 MPa.

Hydrogen may be present in the polymerization reactor at a partial pressure of 0.001 to 50 psig (0.007 to 345 kPa), preferably from 0.01 to 25 psig (0.07 to 172 kPa), more preferably 0.1 to 10 psig (0.7 to 70 kPa).

Other additives may also be used in the polymerization, as desired, such as one or more scavengers, promoters, modifiers, chain transfer agents (such as diethyl zinc), reducing agents, oxidizing agents, hydrogen, aluminum alkyls, or silanes.

In a typical polymerization, the run time of the reaction is up to 300 minutes, preferably in the range of from about 5 to 250 minutes, or preferably from about 10 to 120 minutes. Alternatively, the run time of reaction may preferably be in a range of 5 to 30 minutes when a solution process is employed. The run time of reaction is preferably in a range of 30 to 180 minutes when a slurry or gas phase process is employed. The run time of reaction and reactor residence time are used interchangeably herein.

Vinyl terminated polymers may be obtained by polymerizing one or more monomers in the presence of a catalyst system of the invention. For example, vinyl terminated polymers may be formed by contacting monomers comprising ethylene, propylene and/or butene, and optionally one or more dienes, with a catalyst system according to the invention, thereby forming an EPDM vinyl terminated polymer.

Polyolefin Products

The process described herein may produce propylene homopolymers or propylene copolymers, such as propylene-ethylene and/or propylene-alphaolefin (such as C₄ to C₂₀) copolymers (such as propylene-hexene copolymers or propylene-octene copolymers) having an Mw/Mn of greater than 1 to 4 or greater than 1 to 3.

Likewise, the polymers produced herein may be homopolymers of ethylene, or copolymers of ethylene preferably having from 0 to 25 mole %, 0.5 to 20 mole %, 1 to 15 mole %, or 3 to 10 mole % of one or more C₃ to C₂₀ olefin comonomer (preferably C₃ to C₁₂ alpha-olefin, preferably propylene, butene, hexene, octene, decene, dodecene, preferably propylene, butene, hexene, octene).

Likewise, the polymers produced herein may be ethylene-diene copolymers having from 0 to 25 mole %, 0.5 to 20 mole %, 1 to 15 mole %, or 3 to 10 mole % of one or more C₆ to C₁₂ non-conjugated diene, such as 1,4-hexadiene or 5-ethylidenebicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-ene.

The polymers produced herein may have an Mw of 4,000 to 5,000,000 g/mol; 10,000 to 2,000,000 g/mol; 25,000 to 750,000 g/mol; or 50,000 to 500,000 g/mol; and/or an Mw/Mn of 1 to 40, 1.2 to 20, 1.3 to 10, 1.4 to 5, 1.5 to 4, or 1.5 to 3.

The polymers produced herein may have at least 50% allyl chain ends and/or 3-alkyl chain ends, at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, or at least 85% allyl chain ends and/or 3-alkyl chain ends.

An allyl chain end is represented by CH₂CH—CH₂—, as shown in the formula below:

where M represents the polymer chain. “Allylic vinyl group,” “allyl chain end,” “vinyl chain end,” “vinyl termination,” “allylic vinyl group,” and “vinyl terminated” are used interchangeably in the following description. The number of allyl chain ends, vinylidene chain ends, vinylene chain ends, and other unsaturated chain ends is determined using ¹H NMR at 120° C. using deuterated tetrachloroethane as the solvent on an at least 250 MHz NMR spectrometer, and in selected cases, confirmed by ¹³C NMR. Resconi has reported proton and carbon assignments (neat perdeuterated tetrachloroethane used for proton spectra, while a 50:50 mixture of normal and perdeuterated tetrachloroethane was used for carbon spectra; all spectra were recorded at 100° C. on a BRUKER spectrometer operating at 500 MHz for proton and 125 MHz for carbon) for vinyl terminated oligomers in J. American Chemical Soc., 114, 1992, pp. 1025-1032 that are useful herein. Allyl chain ends are reported as a molar percentage of the total number of moles of unsaturated groups (that is, the sum of allyl chain ends, vinylidene chain ends, vinylene chain ends, and the like).

A 3-alkyl chain end (where the alkyl is a C₁ to C₃₈ alkyl), also referred to as a “3-alkyl vinyl end group” or a “3-alkyl vinyl termination,” is represented by the formula:

where “⋅⋅⋅⋅” represents the polyolefin chain and R^(b) is a C₁ to C₃₈ alkyl group, or a C₁ to C₂₀ alkyl group, such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl, undecyl, dodecyl, and the like. The amount of 3-alkyl chain ends is determined using ¹³C NMR as set out below.

¹H NMR is used to determine polymer end-group unsaturation. ¹H NMR data is collected at either room temperature or 120° C. (for purposes of the claims, 120° C. shall be used) in a 5 mm probe using a Varian spectrometer with a ¹H frequency of 250 MHz, 400 MHz, or 500 MHz (for the purpose of the claims, a proton frequency of 500 MHz is used and the polymer sample is dissolved in 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane-d₂ (TCE-d₂) and transferred into a 5 mm glass NMR tube). Data are recorded using a maximum pulse width of 45° C., 5 seconds between pulses and signal averaging 120 transients. Spectral signals are integrated and the number of unsaturation types per 1000 carbons is calculated by multiplying the different groups by 1000 and dividing the result by the total number of carbons. The chemical shift regions for the olefin types are defined to be between the following spectral regions.

Number of hydrogens Unsaturation Type Region (ppm) per structure Vinyl 4.98-5.13 2 Vinylidene (VYD) 4.69-4.88 2 Vinylene 5.31-5.55 2 Trisubstituted 5.11-5.30 1

The polymer produced herein may be a propylene homopolymer, or a copolymer of ethylene and propylene, where in the copolymer comprises from 0.1 to 50 wt % ethylene and having: 1) at least 50%, 60%, or 70% allyl chain ends and/or 3-alkyl chain ends relative to the total number of unsaturated chain ends; 2) an Mw of 4000, 5000, or 10,000 g/mol or more; and 3) a g′_(vis) of 0.90 or less.

The polymer produced herein may be a syndiotactic propylene homopolymer having: 1) at least 50%, 60%, or 70% allyl chain ends and/or 3-alkyl chain ends relative to the total number of unsaturated chain ends; 2) an Mw of 4000, 5000, or 10,000 g/mol or more; and 3) having no detectable melting temperature by DSC.

The polymer produced herein may be an ethylene-propylene copolymer, preferably having 50 wt % or more propylene, or a syndiotactic propylene polymer having: 1) a branching index (g′_(vis)) of 0.90, 0.87, 0.85, 0.80, 0.75, or 0.70 or less, as determined by GPC; 2) at least 50%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, or 90% allyl chain ends and/or 3-alkyl chain ends; 3) an Mw from 3,000 to 500,000 g/mol, 5,000 to 300,000 g/mol, 10,000 to 200,000 g/mol, or 20,000 to 100,000 g/mol. The branching index (g′_(vis)) may be determined by GPC as described in USSN 2006/0173123, particularly pages 24-25.

The polymers prepared herein may be functionalized by reacting a heteroatom containing group with the polymer with or without a catalyst. Examples include catalytic hydrosilylation, ozonolysis, hydroformylation, or hydroamination, sulfonation, halogenation, hydrohalogenation, hydroboration, epoxidation, or Diels-Alder reactions with polar dienes, Friedel-Crafts reactions with polar aromatics, maleation with activators such as free radical generators (e.g., peroxides). The functionalized polymers can be used in oil additives, as anti-fogging or wetting additives, adhesion promoters, and many other applications. Preferred uses include additives for lubricants and or fuels. Preferred heteroatom containing groups include, amines, aldehydes, alcohols, acids, anhydrides, sulphonates, particularly succinic acid, maleic acid and maleic anhydride.

Other uses of the functionalized polymers include as plasticizers, surfactants for soaps, detergents, fabric softeners, antistatics, etc. Preferred heteroatom containing groups include, amines, aldehydes, alcohols, acids, anhydrides, and sulphonates, particularly succinic acid, maleic acid and maleic anhydride.

The polymers produced herein may be functionalized as described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,022,929; A. Toyota, T. Tsutsui, and N. Kashiwa, Polymer Bulletin 48, 213-219, 2002; and J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1990, 112, 7433-7434.

Blends

The polymers produced herein may be combined with one or more additional polymers prior to being formed into a film, molded part or other article. Useful polymers for a blend include polyethylene, isotactic polypropylene, highly isotactic polypropylene, syndiotactic polypropylene, random copolymer of propylene and ethylene, and/or butene, and/or hexene, polybutene, ethylene vinyl acetate, LDPE, LLDPE, HDPE, ethylene vinyl acetate, ethylene methyl acrylate, copolymers of acrylic acid, polymethylmethacrylate or any other polymers polymerizable by a high-pressure free radical process, polyvinylchloride, polybutene-1, isotactic polybutene, ABS resins, ethylene-propylene rubber (EPR), vulcanized EPR, EPDM, block copolymer, styrenic block copolymers, polyamides, polycarbonates, PET resins, cross linked polyethylene, copolymers of ethylene and vinyl alcohol (EVOH), polymers of aromatic monomers such as polystyrene, poly-1 esters, polyacetal, polyvinylidine fluoride, polyethylene glycols, and/or polyisobutylene.

The polymer, preferably polypropylene, may be present in the blends, at from 10 to 99 wt %, 20 to 95 wt %, 30 to 90 wt %, 40 to 90 wt %, 50 to 90 wt %, 60 to 90 wt %, or 70 to 90 wt %, based upon the weight of the polymers in the blend.

The blends described above may be produced by mixing the polymers of the invention with one or more polymers (as described above), by connecting reactors together in series to make reactor blends or by using more than one catalyst in the same reactor to produce multiple species of polymer. The polymers can be mixed together prior to being put into the extruder or may be mixed in an extruder.

The blends may be formed using conventional equipment and methods, such as by dry blending the individual components and subsequently melt mixing in a mixer, or by mixing the components together directly in a mixer, such as, for example, a Banbury mixer, a Haake mixer, a Brabender internal mixer, or a single or twin-screw extruder, which may include a compounding extruder and a side-arm extruder used directly downstream of a polymerization process, which may include blending powders or pellets of the resins at the hopper of the film extruder. Additionally, additives may be included in the blend, in one or more components of the blend, and/or in a product formed from the blend, such as a film, as desired. Such additives are well known in the art, and can include, for example: fillers; antioxidants (e.g., hindered phenolics such as IRGANOX™ 1010 or IRGANOX™ 1076 available from Ciba-Geigy); phosphites (e.g., IRGAFOS' 168 available from Ciba-Geigy); anti-cling additives; tackifiers, such as polybutenes, terpene resins, aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbon resins, alkali metal and glycerol stearates, and hydrogenated rosins; UV stabilizers; heat stabilizers; anti-blocking agents; release agents; anti-static agents; pigments; colorants; dyes; waxes; silica; fillers; talc; and the like.

Applications

Specifically, any of the foregoing polymers, such as the foregoing polypropylenes or blends thereof, may be used in a variety of end-use applications. The polymers described herein may be useful in making pipes, films, blow molded articles, and rotomolded articles. Methods for producing pipes from polyethylenes are well known in the art. Any size extruder suitable for extruding the multimodal polyethylene for forming a pipe can be used. Additional applications include, for example, mono- or multi-layer blown, extruded, and/or shrink films. These films may be formed by any number of well known extrusion or coextrusion techniques, such as a blown bubble film processing technique, wherein the composition can be extruded in a molten state through an annular die and then expanded to form a uni-axial or biaxial orientation melt prior to being cooled to form a tubular, blown film, which can then be axially slit and unfolded to form a flat film. Films may be subsequently unoriented, uniaxially oriented, or biaxially oriented to the same or different extents. One or more of the layers of the film may be oriented in the transverse and/or longitudinal directions to the same or different extents.

Experimental

The following materials were used as received: 2.5 M nBuLi in hexanes (Chemetall GmbH), 1.6 M nBuLi in hexanes (Aldrich), HfCl₄ (Strem), tetrahydrofuran (THF, Merck), diethyl ether (Merck), ethyl acetate (Merck), methanol (Merck), ethanol (Merck), pentane (Aldrich), hexane (Merck), heptane (Aldrich), toluene (Merck), dichloromethane (Merck or Aldrich), dichlorodimethylsilane (Merck), 2.7 M CH3MgBr in diethyl ether (Aldrich), P2O5 (Merck), polyphosphoric acid (Aldrich), Na₂SO₄ (Akzo Nobel), 5% Pd/C (Aldrich), hydrogen gas (Linde), silica gel 60 (40-63 um; Merck), Celite 503 (Aldrich), CDCl₃ (Deutero GmbH).

Methylcyclohexane (Merck) was freshly distilled over sodium metal. Pentane (Merck) was freshly distilled over P₄O₁₀. Diethyl ether and tetrahydrofuran for air-free reactions were freshly distilled over benzophenone ketyl. Hexane, heptane and toluene for air-free reactions were freshly distilled over CaH₂ (Merck). 6,6′-Dimethylbiphenyl-2,2′-dicarboxylic acid was prepared from 3-methylantranilic acid (Aldrich) as described in [J. Organomet. Chem., 2002, 67, 3479]. Cyclopentadienylsodium was prepared as described in [J. Organomet. Chem., 2007, 692, 3907]. 6,6′-Diethylbiphenyl-2,2′-dicarboxylic acid was prepared in a multistep synthesis starting from 2-ethylaniline (Merck) as described in [Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn., 2006, 79, 1585; 1 Organomet. Chem., 1971, 36, 1398]. 1,1′-(Cyclopenta-2,4-dien-1-ylidenemethylene)dibenzene and 5-(1-methylethydene)cyclopenta-1,3-diene were prepared as described in [Tetrahedron, 2011, 67, 8607-8614]. Dimethylmagnesium was prepared from MeMgCl as described in Organometallics, 2001, 20, 1569.

Example 1—Preparation of [Dimethylsilylene(4,5-dimethylfluoren-9-yl)(cyclopentadienyl)]-hafniumdimethyl (Cat ID 1) 4,5-Dimethylfluoren-9-one

A mixture of 200 g of polyphosphoric acid and 15.0 g of 6,6′-dimethylbiphenyl-2,2′-dicarboxylic acid was heated at 140° C. for 24 h. The resulting mixture was cooled to room temperature and poured into 1000 ml of water, and the obtained mixture was filtered. The obtained precipitate was dissolved in 300 ml of dichloromethane; the formed solution was washed with water, dried over Na₂SO₄, and then evaporated to dryness. The residue was purified by flash chromatography on silica gel 60 (40-63 um, eluent: dichloromethane). This procedure gave 5.15 g of a solid.

4,5-Dimethylfluorene

A solution of 12.4 g of 4,5-dimethylfluoren-9-one in a mixture of 200 ml of methanol, 100 ml of ethyl acetate and 10 ml of acetic acid was stirred under pressure of hydrogen (120 psi) in the presence of 5% Pd/C (2.00 g) until gas absorption is complete. The resulting mixture was filtered, and the filtrate was evaporated to dryness. The residue was purified by flash chromatography on silica gel 60 (40-63 um, eluent: hexane). This procedure gave 10.8 g of a solid.

(4,5-Dimethylfluorenyl)dimethylchlorosilane

To a solution of 12.9 g of 4,5-dimethylfluorene in 150 ml of diethyl ether, 26.7 ml (66.5 mmol) of 2.5 M nBuLi in hexanes was added. The resulting mixture was stirred overnight and then evaporated to dryness. The obtained powder was added in small portions to a solution of 17.1 g of dichlorodimethylsilane in 500 ml of hexane. After that the mixture was stirred for 1 hour and filtered. The formed filtrate was evaporated to dryness in vacuum, and the residue was distilled using a Kugelrohr apparatus (b.p. 165° C./0.1 mbar). This procedure gave 14.8 g of a colorless oil.

(4,5-Dimethylfluoren-1-yl)(cyclopentadien-2,4-yl)dimethylsilane

To a solution of 2.00 g of (4,5-dimethylfluorenyl)dimethylchlorosilane in 30 ml of THF, a solution of 0.67 g of cyclopentadienylsodium in 15 ml of THF was added. The resulting mixture was immediately evaporated to dryness, and crude product was extracted with 50 ml of hexane. This extract was filtered, and the filtrate was evaporated to dryness. This procedure gave 2.00 g of a colorless oil.

[Dimethylsilylene(4,5-dimethylfluoren-9-yl)(cyclopentadienyl)]hafniumdimethyl (Cat ID 1)

To a solution of 2.00 g of (4,5-dimethylfluoren-1-yl)(cyclopentadien-2,4-yl)dimethylsilane in a mixture of 20 ml of diethyl ether and 20 ml of hexane cooled to 0° C., 5.00 ml of 2.5 M nBuLi in hexanes was added. The resulting mixture was stirred for 12 hours and then cooled to −50° C. Further on, 2.02 g of HfCl₄ was added, and this mixture was stirred for 24 hours at room temperature. The formed precipitate was separated, washed with diethyl ether/hexane mixture, and dried in vacuum. After that it was dissolved in 100 ml of toluene, and 23.5 ml (63.0 mmol) of 2.7 M CH₃MgBr in diethyl ether was added. This mixture was stirred in a glass pressure vessel for 12 hours at 100° C. The reaction mixture was evaporated to dryness, and crude product was extracted with 3×30 ml of hot methylcyclohexane. The combined extract was filtered, and the filtrate was evaporated to dryness. The residue was washed with n-pentane and dried in vacuum. This procedure gave 350 mg of a powder.

Anal. calc. for C₂₄H₂₈HfSi: C, 55.11; H, 5.40. Found: C, 55.00; H, 5.44.

¹H NMR (C₆D₆): δ 7.31 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 2H, 3,6-H in fluorenyl), 7.15 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 2H, 1,8-H in fluorenyl), 6.95 (dd, J=8.3 Hz, J=6.8 Hz, 2H, 2,7-H in fluorenyl), 6.32 (m, 2H, 3,4-H in cyclopentadienyl), 5.36 (m, 2H, 2,5-H in cyclopentadienyl), 2.75 (s, 6H, 4,5-Me), 0.63 (s, 6H, Me₂Si), −1.33 (s, 6H, Me₂Hf).

Example 2—Preparation of [dimethylmethylene(4,5-dimethylfluoren-9-yl)(cyclopentadienyl)] hafniumdimethyl (Cat ID 2) (4,5-Dimethylfluoren-9-yl)(cyclopentadien-2,4/1,3-yl)dimethylmethane

To a solution of 6.00 g of 4,5-dimethylfluorene in 60 ml of THF cooled to −20° C., 12.5 ml of 2.5 M nBuLi in hexanes was added. The resulting mixture was stirred overnight and then cooled to −80° C. Further on, a solution of 3.30 g of 5-(1-methylethylidene)cyclopenta-1,3-diene was added for 30 min, and the formed mixture was stirred for 12 hours at room temperature. After that 100 ml of water was added, and THF was evaporated in vacuum. Crude product was extracted from the residue with 2×50 ml diethyl ether. The organic phase was separated, dried over Na₂SO₄, and evaporated to dryness. This procedure gave 8.70 g of an oil.

[Dimethylmethylene(4,5-dimethylfluoren-9-yl)(cyclopentadienyl)]hafniumdimethyl (Cat ID 2)

To a solution of 3.00 g of (4,5-dimethylfluoren-9-yl)(cyclopentadien-2,4-yl)dimethylmethane in a mixture of 20 ml of diethyl ether and 20 ml of hexane cooled to 0° C., 8.80 ml of 2.5 M nBuLi in hexanes was added. The resulting mixture was stirred for 12 hours and cooled to −50° C. Then 3.20 g of HfCl₄ was added, and the formed mixture was stirred for 24 hours at room temperature. The resulting precipitate was separated, washed with diethyl ether/hexane mixture, and then dried in vacuum. After that it was dissolved in 200 ml of toluene, 37.0 ml of 2.7 M MeMgBr in diethyl ether was added, and the obtained mixture was stirred in a glass pressure vessel for 12 hours at 100° C. The formed mixture was evaporated to dryness, and crude product was extracted with 3×40 ml of hot methylcyclohexane. The combined extract was filtered, evaporated to about 30 ml, and then was left for crystallization. The precipitated crystals were separated and dried in vacuum. This procedure gave 3.20 g of product.

Anal. calc. for C₂₅H₂₈Hf: C, 59.23; H, 5.57. Found: C, 59.17; H, 5.60.

¹H NMR (C₆D₆): δ 7.56 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H, 1,8-H in fluorenyl), 7.07 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 2H, 3,6-H in fluorene), 6.90 (dd, J=8.8 Hz, J=6.8 Hz, 2H, 2,7-H in fluorenyl), 6.02 (m, 2H, 3,4-H in cyclopentadienyl), 5.24 (m, 2H, 2,5-H in cyclopentadienyl), 2.68 (s, 6H, 4,5-Me), 1.87 (s, 6H, Me₂C), −1.29 (s, 6H, Me₂Hf).

Example 3—Preparation of [diphenylmethylene(4,5-dimethylfluoren-9-yl)(cyclopentadienyl)]hafniumdimethyl (Cat ID 3) (4,5-Dimethylfluoren-9-yl)(cyclopentadien-2,4/1,3-yl)diphenylmethane

2.5 M n-Butyllithium in hexanes (49.8 mL, 125 mmol, 2.0 equivalent) was added at −10° C. to a solution of 4,5-dimethylfluorene (12.1 g, 62.5 mmol, 1.0 equivalent) in THF (130 mL). The resultant solution was stirred for 15 minutes at −10° C., then at ambient temperature for 45 minutes. Then 1,1′-(Cyclopenta-2,4-dien-1-ylidenemethylene)dibenzene (18.6 g, 81.2 mmol, 1.3 equivalent) was quickly added and the reaction was stirred for 1 hour. The reaction was diluted with diethyl ether (1 L) and 1N HCl (500 mL). The layers were separated and the organic layer was dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure onto silica gel (20 g). The residue was purified over silica gel (100 g), eluting with a gradient of 0 to 3% ethyl acetate in heptanes. The product was triturated with methanol (25 mL), resulting in 2.4 g of solid product.

[Diphenylmethylene(4,5-dimethylfluoren-9-yl)(cyclopentadienyl)]hafniumdichloride

(4,5-Dimethylfluoren-9-yl)(cyclopentadien-2,4/1,3-yl)diphenylmethane (0.98 g) in 10 ml diethylether was cooled to −30° C. n-Butyl lithium (1.6 M in hexanes, 3.2 ml, 5.08 mmol) was added and the reaction was allowed to stir overnight at room temperature. The slurry was then concentrated under dry nitrogen flow, and the solid residue was triturated with pentane and filtered. The residue, dilithium(4,5-dimethylfluoren-9-yl)(cyclopentadien-2,4/1,3-yl)diphethylmethane-2(Et₂O) was washed with pentane and dried. About 1.135 g of the salt was isolated.

Dilithium(4,5-dimethylfluoren-9-yl)(cyclopentadien-2,4/1,3-yl)diphenylmethane-2(Et₂O) (1.135 g) was dissolved in 10 ml diethylether, and cooled to −35° C. To this, HfCl₄ (0.62 g) was added and the mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. The mixture was then concentrated under a flow of dry nitrogen. The solid residue was triturated with dichloromethane and then filtered. A solution was concentrated yielding 1.24 g of solid, [diphenylmethylene(4,5-dimethylfluoren-9-yl)(cyclopentadienyl)]hafniumdichloride.

[Diphenylmethylene(4,5-dimethylfluoren-9-yl)(cyclopentadienyl)]hafniumdimethyl (Cat ID 3)

[Diphenylmethylene(4,5-dimethylfluoren-9-yl)(cyclopentadienyl)]hafniumdichloride (0.2 g) was added to 4 ml THF. Dimethyl magnesium (20 mg) was added, and the mixture was heated to 60° C. and stirred for 18 hours. Afterwards, it was cooled and concentrated under a flow of dry nitrogen. The residue was triturated with pentane and filtered. The pentane solution was concentrated under a dry nitrogen flow and was identified as the product with minor impurities. The solid was washed with toluene and concentrated to yield 0.16 g of [Diphenylmethylene(4,5-dimethylfluoren-9-yl)(cyclopentadienyl)]hafniumdimethyl.

¹H NMR (C₆D₆): δ 7.78 (m, 2H), 7.68 (m, 2H), 7.23 (m, 2H), 7.07 (m, 2H), 6.98 (m, 2H), 6.9 (m, 2H), 6.60 (m, 2H), 6.47 (m, 2H), 6.06 (m, 2H), 5.47 (m, 2H), 2.75 (s, 6H), −1.37 (s, 6H).

Example 4—Preparation of [diphenylmethylene(4,5-diethylfluoren-9-yl)(cyclopentadienyl)]hafniumdimethyl (Cat ID 4) 4,5-Diethylfluoren-9-one

A mixture of 200 g of polyphosphoric acid and 13.0 g of 6,6′-diethylbiphenyl-2,2′-dicarboxylic acid was heated for 24 hours at 140° C. The resulting mixture was cooled to room temperature, poured into 1000 ml of water, and crude product was extracted with dichloromethane (2×200 ml). The organic phase was separated, washed with water, dried over Na2SO4, and then evaporated to dryness. All the volatiles were evaporated to dryness. The residue was purified by flash chromatography on silica gel 60 (40-63 um, eluent: dichloromethane). This procedure gave 6.90 g of a yellowish oil.

4,5-Diethylfluorene

A solution of 8.00 g of 4,5-diethylfluoren-9-one in a mixture of 120 ml of methanol, 60 ml of ethyl acetate and 6 ml of acetic acid was stirred under pressure of hydrogen (120 psi) in the presence of 5% Pd/C (1.20 g) until gas absorption was complete. The resulting mixture was filtered, and the filtrate was evaporated to dryness, yielding 7.50 g of product.

(4,5-Diethylfluoren-9-yl)(cyclopentadien-2,4/1,3-yl)diphenylmethane

To a solution of 4.00 g of 4,5-diethylfluorene in 30 ml of diethyl ether cooled to 0° C., 7.20 ml of 2.5 M nBuLi in hexanes was added. The resulting mixture was stirred overnight and then evaporated to dryness. The residue was dissolved in 30 ml of diethyl ether, 4.15 g of 1,1′-(cyclopenta-2,4-dien-1-ylidenemethylene)dibenzene was added, and the formed mixture was stirred for 24 h. After that, 30 ml of water was added; the organic phase was separated, dried over Na₂SO₄, and evaporated to dryness. The residue was recrystallized from 40 ml of hot ethanol. The formed precipitate was separated, washed with ethanol, and dried in vacuum, yielding 5.20 g of solid.

[Diphenylmethylene(4,5-diethylfluoren-9-yl)(cyclopentadienyl)]hafniumdimethyl (Cat ID 4)

To a solution of 3.00 g of (5,6-diethylfluoren-1-yl)(cyclopentadien-2,4-yl)diphenylmethane in a mixture of 15 ml of diethyl ether and 15 ml of hexane cooled to 0° C. 5.30 ml (6.60 mmol) of 2.5 M nBuLi in hexanes was added. The resulting mixture was stirred for 12 hours and cooled to −50° C. Then 2.11 g of HfCl₄ was added, and the formed mixture was stirred for 24 hours at room temperature. The resulting precipitate was separated, washed with diethylether/hexane mixture, and dried in vacuum. After that it was dissolved in 120 ml of toluene, 24.5 ml of 2.7 M MeMgBr in diethyl ether was added, and this mixture was stirred in a glass pressure vessel for 12 hours at 100° C. The reaction mixture was evaporated to dryness, and crude product was extracted 3×30 ml of hot methylcyclohexane. The combined extract was filtered and evaporated to dryness. The residue was washed with diethylether/n-pentane mixture and dried in vacuum, yielding 530 mg of powder.

Anal. calc. for C₃₇H₃₆Hf: C, 67.42; H, 5.50. Found: C, 67.45; H, 5.56.

¹H NMR (C₆D₆): δ 7.79 (m, 2H), 7.64 (m, 2H), 7.20 (m, 2H), 7.10 (m, 2H), 6.99 (m, 2H), 6.91 (m, 2H), 6.71 (m, 2H), 6.49 (m, 2H), 6.06 (m, 2H), 5.51 (m, 2H), 3.30-3.39 (m, 2H), 3.04-3.14 (m, 2H), 1.33 (t, 6H), −1.38 (s, 6H).

Polymerization Reactions

Activation of the pre-catalysts was either by methylalumoxane (MAO, 10 wt % in toluene, Albemarle Corp.), or dimethylanilinium tetrakisperfluorophenylborate (Boulder Scientific and Albemarle Corp). MAO was used as a 0.5 wt % or 1.0 wt % in toluene solution. Micromoles of MAO reported in the experimental section are based on the micromoles of aluminum in MAO. The formula weight of MAO is 58.0 grams/mole. When used, the molar ratio of MAO to pre-catalyst was 500. Dimethylanilinium tetrakisperfluorophenylborate was typically used as a 5 mmol/L solution in toluene. When used, the molar ratio of activator to pre-catalyst was 1.1.

For polymerization runs using dimethylanilinium tetrakisperfluorophenylborate, tri-n-octylaluminum (TnOAl, Neat, AkzoNobel) was also used as a scavenger prior to introduction of the activator and pre-catalyst into the reactor. TnOAl was typically used as a 5 mmol/L solution in toluene.

Polymerizations were conducted in an inert atmosphere drybox using autoclave reactors. The reactor internal volume was 23.5 mL for the ethylene, ethylene/octene, and ethylene/ENB runs, and 22.5 mL for the propylene and ethylene/propylene runs.

Ethylene Polymerization (PE) or Ethylene/1-Octene Copolymerization (EO)

The reactor was prepared as described above, and then purged with ethylene. For MAO activated runs, toluene (5 ml for PE and 4.9 ml for EO), 1-octene (100 μL when used), and activator (MAO) were added via syringe at room temperature and atmospheric pressure. The reactor was then brought to process temperature (80° C.) and charged with ethylene to process pressure (75 psig=618.5 kPa or 200 psig=1480.3 kPa) while stirring at 800 RPM. The pre-catalyst solution (0.25 umol pre-catalyst) was then added via syringe to the reactor at process conditions.

For dimethylanilinium tetrakisperfluorophenylborate activated runs, toluene, 1-octene (100 μL when used) and scavenger (TnOAl, 0.5 μmol) were added via syringe at room temperature and atmospheric pressure. The reactor was then brought to process temperature (80° C.) and charged with ethylene to process pressure (75 psig=618.5 kPa or 200 psig=1480.3 kPa) while stirring at 800 RPM. The activator solution, followed by the pre-catalyst solution, was injected via syringe to the reactor at process conditions. Ethylene was allowed to enter the autoclaves during polymerization to maintain reactor gauge pressure (+/−2 psig). Reactor temperature was monitored and typically maintained within +/−1° C. Polymerizations were halted by addition of approximately 50 psi O₂/Ar (5 mole % O₂) gas mixture to the autoclave for approximately 30 seconds. The polymerizations were quenched after a predetermined cumulative amount of ethylene had been added (maximum quench pressure of 20 psid ethylene uptake for PE and 20 psid ethylene uptake at 75 psig C2 or 14 psid ethylene uptake at 200 psig C2 for EO) or for a maximum of 30 minutes polymerization time. Afterwards, the reactors were cooled and vented. Polymers were isolated after the solvent was removed in-vacuo. Yields reported include total weight of polymer and residual catalyst. Ethylene homopolymerization runs are summarized in Table 1, and ethylene/1-octene copolymerization runs are summarized in Table 2.

Ethylene/ENB Copolymerization (E-ENB)

The reactor was prepared as described above, and then purged with ethylene. Isohexane (4.6 ml), ENB (50 uL) and scavenger (TnOAl, 0.075 μmol) were added via syringe at room temperature and atmospheric pressure. The reactor was then brought to process temperature (T=100° C.) and charged with ethylene to process pressure (100 psig=790.8 kPa) while stirring at 800 RPM. The activator solution (dimethylanilinium tetrakisperfluorophenylborate in toluene), followed by the pre-catalyst solution (0.08 umol pre-catalyst), were injected via syringe to the reactor at process conditions. About 336 uL of toluene was used, for a total volume in the reactor of about 5.0 mL. Ethylene was allowed to enter (through the use of computer controlled solenoid valves) the autoclaves during polymerization to maintain reactor gauge pressure (+/−2 psig). Reactor temperature was monitored and typically maintained within +/−1° C. Polymerizations were halted by addition of approximately 50 psi CO2/Ar (50/50 mol %) gas mixture to the autoclaves for approximately 30 seconds. The polymerizations were quenched after a predetermined cumulative amount of ethylene had been added (maximum quench value of 20 psid) or for a maximum of 30 minutes polymerization time. The reactors were cooled and vented. A toluene solution of 0.5 g Irgaphos168+0.5 g Irganox1076 in 20 ml toluene (50 uL) was added after quench, but prior to drying the polymer. The polymers were isolated after the solvent was removed in-vacuo. The actual polymerization time (quench time) and yields are reported in Table 3. Reported yields include total weight of polymer, residual catalyst and antioxidant.

Propylene Polymerization (PP)

The reactor was prepared as described above, then heated to 40° C., and then purged with propylene gas at atmospheric pressure. For dimethylanilinium tetrakisperfluorophenylborate activated runs, isohexanes, liquid propylene (1.0 mL) and scavenger (TnOAl, 0.5 μmol) were added via syringe. The reactor was then brought to process temperature (70, 100, 110 or 115° C.) while stirring at 800 RPM. The activator solution, followed by the pre-catalyst solution, were injected via syringe to the reactor at process conditions. Reactor temperature was monitored and typically maintained within +/−1° C. Polymerizations were halted by addition of approximately 50 psi O₂/Ar (5 mole % O₂) gas mixture to the autoclaves for approximately 30 seconds. The polymerizations were quenched based on a predetermined pressure loss of 8 psid (maximum quench value) for experiments in Table 4 and from 5 to 20 psid for experiments in Table 5 (maximum quench value in psid) or for a maximum of 30 or 45 minutes polymerization time (maximum reaction time in minutes). The reactors were cooled and vented. The polymers were isolated after the solvent was removed in-vacuo. The actual quench time (s) and quench value (psi) are reported. Yields reported include total weight of polymer and residual catalyst. Propylene homopolymerization examples are reported in Tables 4 and 5.

Ethylene-Propylene Copolymerization (EP)

The reactor was prepared as described above, then heated to 40° C. and then purged with ethylene gas at atmospheric pressure. The listed ethylene pressure (10, 20, 40, 60 or 80 psid) was then added to the reactor. Isohexanes and scavenger (TnOAl, 0.5 μmol) were added via syringe. The stirrers were then started and maintained at 800 RPM. Liquid propylene (1.0 ml) was then injected into the reactor. The reactor was then brought to process temperature (70° C.). The activator (dimethylanilinium tetrakisperfluorophenylborate) solution followed by the pre-catalyst solution, was injected via syringe to the reactor at process conditions. Reactor temperature was monitored and typically maintained within +/−1° C. Polymerizations were halted by addition of approximately 50 psi O₂/Ar (5 mole % O₂) gas mixture to the autoclaves for approximately 30 seconds. The polymerizations were quenched based on a predetermined pressure loss (from 5 to 20 psid quench value) or for a maximum of 45 minutes polymerization time. The reactors were cooled and vented. The polymer was isolated after the solvent was removed in-vacuo. The quench time (s) and max quench value (psi) are reported in Table 5 for each run. Yields reported include total weight of polymer and residual catalyst. Ethylene/propylene copolymerization examples are collected in Table 5.

For the comparative examples, the comparative compounds used include:

Polymer Characterization

For analytical testing, polymer sample solutions were prepared by dissolving polymer in 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene (TCB, 99+% purity from Sigma-Aldrich) containing 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol (BHT, 99% from Aldrich) at 165° C. in a shaker oven for approximately 3 hours. The typical concentration of polymer in solution was between 0.1 to 0.9 mg/mL with a BHT concentration of 1.25 mg BHT/mL of TCB. Samples were cooled to 135° C. for testing.

High temperature size exclusion chromatography was performed using an automated “Rapid GPC” system as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,491,816; 6,491,823; 6,475,391; 6,461,515; 6,436,292; 6,406,632; 6,175,409; 6,454,947; 6,260,407; and 6,294,388; each of which is incorporated herein by reference. Molecular weights (weight average molecular weight (Mw) and number average molecular weight (Mn)) and molecular weight distribution (MWD=Mw/Mn), which is also sometimes referred to as the polydispersity (PDI) of the polymer, were measured by Gel Permeation Chromatography using a Symyx Technology GPC equipped with evaporative light scattering detector (“ELSD”) and calibrated using polystyrene standards (Polymer Laboratories: Polystyrene Calibration Kit S-M-10: Mp (peak Mw) between 5000 and 3,390,000). Samples (250 μL of a polymer solution in TCB were injected into the system) were run at an eluent flow rate of 2.0 mL/minute (135° C. sample temperatures, 165° C. oven/columns) using three Polymer Laboratories: PLgel 10 μm Mixed-B 300×7.5 mm columns in series. No column spreading corrections were employed. Numerical analyses were performed using Epoch® software available from Symyx Technologies. The molecular weights obtained are relative to linear polystyrene standards. Molecular weight data is reported in Tables 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 under the headings Mn, Mw and PDI as defined above. PDI values marked with an astrick indicate that this method was used for Mn, Mw and PDI values.

Alternatively, molecular weights (weight average molecular weight (Mw) and number average molecular weight (Mn)) and molecular weight distribution (MWD=Mw/Mn), which is also sometimes referred to as the polydispersity (PDI) of the polymer, were measured by Gel Permeation Chromatography using a Symyx Technology GPC equipped with dual wavelength infrared detector and calibrated using polystyrene standards (Polymer Laboratories: Polystyrene Calibration Kit S-M-10: Mp (peak Mw) between 580 and 3,039,000). Samples (250 μL of a polymer solution in TCB were injected into the system) were run at an eluent flow rate of 2.0 mL/minute (135° C. sample temperatures, 165° C. oven/columns) using three Polymer Laboratories: PLgel 10 μm Mixed-B 300×7.5 mm columns in series. No column spreading corrections were employed. Numerical analyses were performed using Automation Studio software available from Freeslate. The molecular weights obtained are relative to linear polystyrene standards. Molecular weight data is reported in Tables 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 under the headings Mn, Mw and PDI as defined above. PDI values not marked with an asterisk indicate that this method was used for Mn, Mw and PDI values.

Differential Scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurements were performed on a TA-Q100 instrument to determine the melting point of the polymers. Samples were pre-annealed at 220° C. for 15 minutes and then allowed to cool to room temperature overnight. The samples were then heated to 220° C. at a rate of 100° C./minute and then cooled at a rate of 50° C./minute. Melting points were collected during the heating period. The results are reported in the Tables 1, 2, and 3 under the heading, Tm (° C.). The polypropylene and ethylene-propylene copolymer produced (see Tables 4 and %) are largely amorphous polyolefins. Most exhibited no crystallinity, and the few that did, had low delta H crystallization values (7 J/g or less).

Samples for infrared analysis were prepared by depositing the stabilized polymer solution onto a silanized wafer (Part number S10860, Symyx). By this method, approximately between 0.12 and 0.24 mg of polymer is deposited on the wafer cell. The samples were subsequently analyzed on a Brucker Equinox 55 FTIR spectrometer equipped with Pikes' MappIR specular reflectance sample accessory. Spectra, covering a spectral range of 5000 cm⁻¹ to 500 cm⁻¹, were collected at a 2 cm⁻¹ resolution with 32 scans.

For ethylene-1-octene copolymers, the wt % octene in the copolymer was determined via measurement of the methyl deformation band at ˜1375 cm⁻¹. The peak height of this band was normalized by the combination and overtone band at ˜4321 cm⁻¹, which corrects for path length differences. The normalized peak height was correlated to individual calibration curves from 1H NMR data to predict the wt % octene content within a concentration range of ˜2 to 35 wt % for octene. Typically, R² correlations of 0.98 or greater are achieved. These numbers are reported in Table 2 under the heading C8 wt %).

For ethylene-propylene copolymers, the wt % ethylene was determined via measurement of the methylene rocking band (˜770 cm⁻¹ to 700 cm⁻¹). The peak area of this band was normalized by sum of the band areas of the combination and overtone bands in the 4500 cm⁻¹ to 4000 cm⁻¹ range. The normalized band area was then correlated to a calibration curve from ¹³C NMR data to predict the wt % ethylene within a concentration range of ˜5 to 40 wt %. Typically, R² correlations of 0.98 or greater were achieved. These numbers are reported in Table 5 under the heading C₂ wt %.

For ethylene-ENB copolymers, polymer composition analysis was determined by ¹H NMR using a Varian DD2 500 MHz instrument run with a single 30° flip angle RF pulse, 512 scans with a delay of 15 seconds between pulses. The polymer sample was dissolved in heated d₂-1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane and signal collection took place at 120° C.

For calculation of ENB:

I_(major)=Integral of major ENB species from 5.2-5.4 ppm

I_(minor)=Integral of minor ENB species from 4.6-5.12 ppm

I_(eth)=(Integral of —CH₂— from 0-3 ppm)

Peak Assignments Intensity of species MOLE % WEIGHT % Olef: 5.3 and 5.1 ppm ENB ENB = I_(major) + I_(minor) ENB*100/total ENB*120*100/total wt EP: 3-0 ppm EP = (I_(eth) − 11*ENB)/2 EP*100/total EP*14*100/total wt total = (ENB + EP) total wt = (ENB*120 + EP*14)

For some samples, polymer end-group analysis was determined by ¹H NMR using a Varian Unity+400 MHz instrument run with a single 30° flip angle, RF pulse. 120 pulses with a delay of 8 seconds between pulses were signal averaged. The polymer sample was dissolved in heated d₂-1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane and signal collection took place at 120° C. Vinylenes were measured as the number of vinylenes per 1000 carbon atoms using the resonances between 5.55-5.31 ppm. Trisubstituted end-groups (“trisubs”) were measured as the number of trisubstituted groups per 1000 carbon atoms using the resonances between 5.30-5.11 ppm. Vinyl end-groups were measured as the number of vinyls per 1000 carbon atoms using the resonances between 5.13-4.98 ppm. Vinylidene end-groups were measured as the number of vinylidenes per 1000 carbon atoms using the resonances between 4.88-4.69 ppm.

The values reported in Tables 4 and 5 are % vinylene, % trisubstituted (% trisub), % vinyl and % vinylidene, where the percentage is relative to the total olefinic unsaturation per 1000 carbon atoms.

Polymerization results are also reported in Tables 1 to 5 below. The following abbreviations are used herein: PE=polyethylene, EO=ethylene-1-octene copolymer, ENB=ethylene-ethylidenenorbornene copolymer, PP=polypropylene, EP=ethylene-propylene copolymer; CPE=comparative polyethylene, CEO=comparative ethylene-1-octene copolymer, CENB=comparative ethylene-ethylidenenorbornene copolymer, CPP=comparative polypropylene, CEP=comparative ethylene-propylene copolymer. Examples starting with a “C” as in CPP and CEP are comparative examples. “Cat ID” identifies the pre-catalyst used in the experiment. Corresponding numbers identifying the pre-catalyst are located in the synthetic experimental section. “Act ID” identifies the activator used. “A” corresponds to dimethylanilinium tetrakisperfluorophenylborate, and “B” corresponds to MAO. “Cat (μmol)” is the amount of pre-catalyst added to the reactor. For all experiments using MAO as the activator, the molar ratio of activator/pre-catalyst was 500. For all experiments using borate activators (A), the molar ratio of activator/pre-catalyst was 1.1. T(° C.) is the polymerization temperature which was typically maintained within +/−1° C. “Yield” is polymer yield, and is not corrected for catalyst residue (or antioxidant if added). “Quench time (s)” is the actual duration of the polymerization run in seconds. “Quench Value (psid)” for ethylene based polymerization runs (except EP) is the set maximum amount of ethylene uptake (conversion) for the experiment. If a polymerization quench time is less than the maximum time set, then the polymerization ran until the set maximum value of ethylene uptake was reached. For propylene homopolymerization runs and ethylene-propylene copolymeriztion runs, quench value indicates the maximum set pressure loss (conversion) of propylene (for PP) or propylene and ethylene (for EP), during the polymerization. Quench time is the actual time of the polymerization run in seconds. Activity is reported as grams polymer per mmol of catalyst per hour.

TABLE 1 Polymerization Examples Producing Polyethylene Quench Activity Cat Act Time Yield (g P/mmol Tm Ex # ID ID (s) (g) cat · hr) Mn Mw PDI (° C.) PE-1 1 A 17 0.0912 791,133 1,391,159 2,621,710 1.88 136.1 PE-2 1 A 27 0.0828 449,932 1,334,992 2,517,369 1.89 136.2 PE-3 1 A 16 0.0947 857,660 1,108,370 2,406,614 2.17 136.4 PE-4 1 B 225 0.0440 28,160 768,687 1,404,407 1.83 135.3 PE-5 1 B 361 0.0540 21,540 791,154 1,324,253 1.67 135.2 PE-6 1 B 301 0.0520 24,877 820,382 1,434,818 1.75 135.4 PE-7 2 A 170 0.0489 41,494 1,483,077 2,553,753 1.72 136.2 PE-8 2 A 1802 0.0716 5,721 1,655,755 2,822,352 1.70 136.3 PE-9 2 A 176 0.0455 37,248 1,505,384 2,513,903 1.67 136.1 PE-10 2 B 462 0.0250 7,792 447,637 867,469 1.94 134.9 PE-11 2 B 524 0.0350 9,618 527,603 1,014,173 1.92 134.9 PE-12 2 B 513 0.0330 9,263 594,527 1,001,863 1.69 134.6 PE-13 3 A 18 0.1001 814,373 2,337,392 3,756,324 1.61* 135.3 PE-14 3 A 23 0.0801 512,640 2,352,584 2,856,265 1.21* 134.0 PE-15 3 A 15 0.0932 871,481 2,876,181 4,620,414 1.61* 135.1 PE-16 4 A 33 0.0910 398,298 2,362,572 3,925,347 1.66 135.2 PE-17 4 A 23 0.0858 541,895 2,046,427 3,497,406 1.71 134.1 PE-18 4 A 141 0.0862 88,034 1,782,431 3,405,459 1.91 133.8 PE-19 4 B 470 0.0520 15,932 663,898 1,097,249 1.65 135.4 PE-20 4 B 375 0.0430 16,512 671,791 1,127,249 1.68 135.3 PE-21 4 B 460 0.0590 18,470 658,341 1,147,485 1.74 134.7 CPE-1 5 A 134 0.0810 86,980 2,813,996 3,875,109 1.38* 133.6 CPE-2 5 A 35 0.0860 351,818 2,802,129 4,176,917 1.49* 136.2 CPE-3 5 A 13 0.0927 1,034,791 1,952,583 3,225,994 1.65* 133.3 *Rapid GPC system was used.

TABLE 2 Polymerization examples producing ethylene-octene copolymer Activity Cat Act C2 Quench Yield (g P/mmol C8 Tm Ex# ID ID (psig) Time (s) (g) cat · hr) Mn Mw PDI (wt %) (° C.) EO-1 1 A 75 1048 0.0657 9,024 545,785 1,393,938 2.55 19.1 94.9 EO-2 1 A 75 665 0.0633 13,717 483,509 1,290,383 2.67 19.7 93.7 EO-3 1 A 75 580 0.0708 17,581 445,168 1,280,461 2.88 20.5 93.6 EO-4 1 A 200 20 0.1540 1,114,372 771,513 1,818,698 2.36 9.2 111.7 EO-5 1 A 200 51 0.1554 443,121 689,333 1,756,995 2.55 8.7 111.4 EO-6 1 A 200 23 0.1518 934,154 720,177 1,875,261 2.60 9.5 111.1 EO-7 1 B 75 252 0.0410 23,429 792,725 1,326,953 1.67 11.4 103.0 EO-8 1 B 75 374 0.0500 19,251 930,361 1,475,482 1.59 12.3 102.0 EO-9 1 B 75 309 0.0490 22,835 828,629 1,391,685 1.68 12.1 102.6 EO-10 1 B 200 211 0.0540 36,853 1,082,862 1,801,933 1.66 4.6 120.5 EO-11 1 B 200 366 0.0850 33,443 1,109,917 1,964,526 1.77 5.5 116.9 EO-12 1 B 200 340 0.0930 39,388 1,205,331 2,007,520 1.67 5.0 117.0 EO-13 2 A 75 1802 0.0309 2,470 867,816 1,558,501 1.80 23.4 80.1 EO-14 2 A 75 1802 0.0318 2,542 1,000,042 1,747,151 1.75 21.6 82.0 EO-15 2 A 75 1803 0.0317 2,532 878,166 1,555,923 1.77 22.2 80.3 EO-16 2 A 200 275 0.0840 44,033 1,156,637 2,098,940 1.81 10.3 106.1 EO-17 2 A 200 348 0.0822 34,014 1,302,909 2,196,593 1.69 10.4 106.1 EO-18 2 A 200 377 0.0828 31,652 1,341,548 2,241,367 1.67 10.7 106.6 EO-19 2 B 75 466 0.0350 10,815 530,165 922,526 1.74 17.1 60.6 EO-20 2 B 75 495 0.0330 9,600 537,687 868,603 1.62 16.7 93.0 EO-21 2 B 75 495 0.0390 11,345 611,349 979,425 1.60 15.7 92.4 EO-22 2 B 200 148 0.0310 30,162 795,718 1,348,200 1.69 8.8 111.2 EO-23 2 B 200 174 0.0350 28,966 842,639 1,418,155 1.68 7.2 111.9 EO-24 2 B 200 156 0.0330 30,462 815,743 1,394,090 1.71 7.4 111.6 EO-25 3 A 75 215 0.1262 84,564 219,041 1,408,950 6.43* 34.3 EO-26 3 A 75 200 0.1268 91,433 412,105 1,766,806 4.29* 31.5 EO-27 3 A 75 208 0.1235 85,336 3,662,377 5,032,475 1.37* 27.3 EO-28 3 A 200 27 0.2046 1,099,343 167,150 2,359,916 14.12* 25.8 EO-29 3 A 200 10 0.1854 2,810,274 1,193,050 2,813,951 2.36* 15.2 102.7 EO-30 3 A 200 10 0.1902 2,766,545 1,052,069 2,922,326 2.78* 16.8 101.2 EO-31 4 A 75 292 0.1196 59,037 270,045 1,642,275 6.08 29.6 98.1 EO-32 4 A 75 308 0.1219 56,918 718,739 2,743,888 3.82 22.3 107.3 EO-33 4 A 75 272 0.1179 62,533 240,827 1,555,279 6.46 32.8 97.4 EO-34 4 A 200 37 0.1986 783,518 125,514 1,579,178 12.58 27.8 101.7 EO-35 4 A 200 7 0.1688 3,574,588 1,135,354 2,704,862 2.38 13.2 103.3 EO-36 4 A 200 34 0.1953 839,499 165,151 2,150,718 13.02 21.0 108.8 EO-37 4 B 75 316 0.0410 18,684 735,892 1,233,479 1.68 19.0 89.2 EO-38 4 B 75 332 0.0470 20,386 760,413 1,217,169 1.60 19.4 88.4 EO-39 4 B 75 328 0.0490 21,512 764,212 1,312,165 1.72 19.9 87.4 EO-40 4 B 200 260 0.0960 53,169 1,189,814 2,102,463 1.77 10.6 107.1 EO-41 4 B 200 262 0.1020 56,061 1,256,731 2,141,465 1.70 9.7 107.6 EO-42 4 B 200 243 0.0950 56,296 997,360 2,074,382 2.08 9.9 107.1 CEO- 5 A 75 234 0.1208 74,338 341,670 1,361,377 3.98* 35.0 CEO- 5 A 75 400 0.1181 42,505 482,310 1,958,443 4.06* 34.5 CEO- 5 A 75 270 0.1245 66,474 312,342 1,559,646 4.99* 35.1 CEO- 5 A 200 30 0.1799 875,189 837,534 2,994,987 3.58* 20.5 CEO- 5 A 200 27 0.2047 1,091,733 293,101 2,445,712 8.34* 21.6 CEO- 5 A 200 10 0.1983 2,913,796 1,009,865 2,427,714 2.40* 16.6 *Rapid GPC system was used.

TABLE 3 Polymerization examples producing ethylene-ENB copolymer Quench Activity Cat Time Yield (g P/mmol Tm ENB Ex# ID (s) (g) cat · hr) Mn Mw PDI (° C.) (wt %) ENB-1 1 50 0.084 75,600 340,574 747,652 2.20 86.2 12.7 ENB-2 1 54 0.079 65,833 412,103 769,056 1.87 87.4 ENB-3 1 62 0.084 60,968 349,391 751,954 2.15 85.5 13.3 ENB-4 1 47 0.079 75,638 376,700 700,630 1.86 91.0 ENB-5 1 43 0.080 83,721 298,191 660,276 2.21 92.0 ENB-6 1 41 0.075 82,317 316,389 661,025 2.09 92.1 ENB-7 2 91 0.063 31,154 384,718 833,282 2.17 71.2 ENB-8 2 75 0.068 40,800 449,219 939,147 2.09 67.1 8.9 ENB-9 2 99 0.063 28,636 404,539 858,737 2.12 74.2 ENB-10 2 79 0.068 38,734 424,562 917,469 2.16 68.4 7.6 ENB-11 2 102 0.062 27,353 432,798 850,147 1.96 75.1 ENB-12 2 92 0.060 29,348 434,042 836,041 1.93 75.9 ENB-13 3 331 0.052 7,069 511,231 1,134,946 2.22 78.2 ENB-14 3 420 0.055 5,893 475,510 1,276,750 2.69 80.7 ENB-15 3 356 0.052 6,573 629,291 1,280,669 2.04 81.4 ENB-16 3 290 0.058 9,000 583,626 1,272,630 2.18 82.2 10.1 ENB-17 3 263 0.054 9,240 607,568 1,155,375 1.90 79.7 8.9 ENB-18 3 195 0.054 12,462 575,136 1,149,622 2.00 80.6 ENB-19 4 154 0.052 15,195 622,026 1,160,853 1.87 79.9 ENB-20 4 150 0.055 16,500 724,101 1,254,974 1.73 79.7 ENB-21 4 181 0.056 13,923 608,355 1,249,951 2.05 81.4 ENB-22 4 108 0.050 20,833 642,409 1,172,825 1.83 79.0 ENB-23 4 104 0.057 24,663 626,636 1,035,496 1.65 85.3 ENB-24 4 61 0.061 45,000 582,298 974,007 1.67 88.8 12.6 CENB-1 5 120 0.066 24,750 659,327 1,585,335 2.40 62.7 CENB-2 5 120 0.069 25,875 645,312 1,700,010 2.63 71.1 10.2 CENB-3 5 294 0.067 10,255 567,900 1,485,211 2.62 69.5 20.0 CENB-4 5 134 0.066 22,164 529,616 1,335,595 2.52 66.0 CENB-5 5 127 0.053 18,780 653,979 1,441,344 2.20 73.5 CENB-6 5 145 0.052 16,138 740,984 1,410,113 1.90 75.0 CENB-7 7 324 0.086 11,944 1,191,874 2,397,759 2.01 75.2 16.1 CENB-8 7 277 0.089 14,458 1,144,088 2,141,240 1.87 77.3 11.8 CENB-9 7 292 0.079 12,175 1,134,572 2,343,532 2.07 77.5 CENB-10 7 356 0.086 10,871 1,004,872 2,475,191 2.46 77.7 CENB-11 7 121 0.076 28,264 960,283 1,705,963 1.78 82.3 CENB-12 7 132 0.079 26,932 1,019,346 1,769,125 1.74 79.2

TABLE 4 Polymerization examples producing polypropylene Iso- Max Activity hex- Tolu- Rxn Quench (g total % % Cat Cat ane ene T Time Time Yield P/mmol unsat/ vinyl- % % vinyl- Ex # ID (umol) (uL) (uL) (C.) (mm) (s) (g) cat · hr) Mn Mw PDI 1000 C. ene trisub vinyl idene PP-1 1 0.025 3895 205 70 30 1801 0.0458 3,662 46,238 76,840 1.66 PP-2 1 0.025 3895 205 70 30 1802 0.0493 3,939 56,882 87,796 1.54 0.72 6 8 60 26 PP-3 1 0.025 3895 205 70 30 1801 0.0465 3,717 55,712 86,025 1.54 PP-4 1 0.025 3895 205 100 30 1801 0.0262 2,095 8,597 13,928 1.62 PP-5 1 0.025 3895 205 100 30 1802 0.0238 1,902 7,468 12,462 1.67 3.81 2 4 74 20 PP-6 1 0.025 3895 205 100 30 1802 0.0217 1,734 7,281 11,934 1.64 PP-7 1 0.100 3690 410 100 45 460 0.0710 5,557 5,406 11,128 2.06 PP-8 1 0.100 3690 410 100 45 465 0.0740 5,729 6,408 11,958 1.87 4.00 1 3 77 19 PP-9 1 0.100 3690 410 100 45 456 0.0670 5,289 4,693 9,566 2.04 PP-10 1 0.100 3690 410 100 45 438 0.0720 5,918 4,971 10,810 2.17 PP-11 1 0.100 3690 410 110 45 421 0.0660 5,644 3,457 6,785 1.96 PP-12 1 0.100 3690 410 110 45 481 0.0650 4,865 3,103 5,856 1.89 PP-13 1 0.100 3690 410 110 45 449 0.0670 5,372 3,274 6,774 2.07 PP-14 1 0.100 3690 410 110 45 471 0.0670 5,121 3,261 6,036 1.85 6.26 1 4 78 17 PP-15 1 0.100 3690 410 115 45 513 0.0650 4,561 2,511 4,550 1.81 8.34 1 3 79 18 PP-16 1 0.100 3690 410 115 45 463 0.0600 4,665 2,481 4,413 1.78 PP-17 1 0.100 3690 410 115 45 434 0.0620 5,143 2,716 4,944 1.82 PP-18 1 0.100 3690 410 115 45 468 0.0640 4,923 2,415 4,486 1.86 PP-19 2 0.025 3895 205 70 30 1801 0.0601 4,805 113,853 181,438 1.59 PP-20 2 0.025 3895 205 70 30 1801 0.0669 5,348 116,448 199,737 1.72 0.57 10 11 30 49 PP-21 2 0.025 3895 205 70 30 1802 0.0582 4,651 121,345 204,691 1.69 PP-22 2 0.025 3895 205 100 30 1803 0.0115 918 21,917 36,496 1.67 PP-23 2 0.025 3895 205 100 30 1801 0.0150 1,199 22,258 35,996 1.62 PP-24 2 0.025 3895 205 100 30 1802 0.0100 799 21,364 33,977 1.59 PP-25 2 0.100 3690 410 100 45 2700 0.0420 560 20,561 33,930 1.65 PP-26 2 0.100 3690 410 100 45 2700 0.0450 600 20,080 35,446 1.77 1.71 6 6 49 39 PP-27 2 0.100 3690 410 100 45 2701 0.0390 520 16,704 31,203 1.87 PP-28 2 0.100 3690 410 100 45 2700 0.0420 560 18,279 33,268 1.82 PP-29 2 0.100 3690 410 110 45 2701 0.0290 387 13,367 21,906 1.64 PP-30 2 0.100 3690 410 110 45 2701 0.0270 360 13,524 22,448 1.66 PP-31 2 0.100 3690 410 110 45 2701 0.0270 360 11,366 20,519 1.81 PP-32 2 0.100 3690 410 110 45 2701 0.0250 333 12,209 21,910 1.79 PP-33 2 0.100 3690 410 115 45 2701 0.0190 253 8,698 15,403 1.77 PP-34 2 0.100 3690 410 115 45 2701 0.0200 267 9,638 16,378 1.70 PP-35 2 0.100 3690 410 115 45 2700 0.0180 240 8,896 15,513 1.74 PP-36 2 0.100 3690 410 115 45 2701 0.0200 267 8,472 15,397 1.82 PP-37 3 0.025 3895 205 70 30 1467 0.0644 6,321 242,077 358,612 1.48* 0.66 26 35 23 17 PP-38 3 0.025 3895 205 70 30 1801 0.0539 4,309 260,364 387,546 1.49* 0.50 34 14 24 28 PP-39 3 0.025 3895 205 100 30 1368 0.0630 6,633 37,607 55,686 1.48* 1.35 11 17 53 19 PP-41 3 0.025 3895 205 100 30 1638 0.0533 4,685 31,533 46,250 1.47* 1.09 8 6 69 17 PP-42 3 0.100 3790 310 100 45 201 0.1032 18,511 26,915 42,424 1.58* 1.26 3 0 77 20 PP-43 3 0.100 3790 310 100 45 214 0.1179 19,834 30,866 47,579 1.54* 1.21 4 4 72 20 PP-44 3 0.100 3790 310 100 45 166 0.0817 17,697 32,446 49,989 1.54* PP-45 3 0.100 3790 310 100 45 187 0.0979 18,857 29,467 45,445 1.54* PP-46 3 0.100 3690 410 100 45 248 0.0990 14,371 24,332 47,626 1.96 1.31 6 5 71 18 PP-47 3 0.100 3690 410 100 45 253 0.1000 14,229 20,851 46,079 2.21 PP-48 3 0.100 3690 410 100 45 224 0.0840 13,500 25,447 50,789 2.00 PP-49 3 0.100 3690 410 100 45 259 0.0950 13,205 23,058 45,702 1.98 PP-50 3 0.100 3690 410 110 45 241 0.0940 14,041 14,097 28,833 2.05 1.89 3 3 76 18 PP-51 3 0.100 3690 410 110 45 221 0.0920 14,986 14,507 30,196 2.08 PP-52 3 0.100 3690 410 110 45 215 0.0900 15,070 14,277 31,031 2.17 PP-53 3 0.100 3690 410 110 45 218 0.0870 14,367 14,269 29,060 2.04 PP-54 3 0.100 3690 410 115 45 238 0.0920 13,916 12,109 22,335 1.84 PP-55 3 0.100 3690 410 115 45 238 0.0930 14,067 10,839 20,759 1.92 2.51 3 2 77 17 PP-56 3 0.100 3690 410 115 45 226 0.0820 13,062 11,483 21,945 1.91 PP-57 3 0.100 3690 410 115 45 215 0.0660 11,051 12,072 23,149 1.92 PP-58 3 0.120 3748 352 110 45 181 0.1171 19,420 15,545 25,659 1.65* 2.19 4 4 75 17 PP-59 3 0.120 3748 352 110 45 156 0.1052 20,231 17,055 27,875 1.63* PP-60 3 0.120 3748 352 110 45 169 0.1127 20,006 16,981 27,603 1.63* 2.08 4 1 76 18 PP-61 3 0.120 3748 352 110 45 151 0.0965 19,122 17,866 28,532 1.60* PP-62 3 0.140 3706 394 115 45 144 0.1159 20,696 12,012 19,807 1.65* 2.83 3 4 76 17 PP-63 3 0.140 3706 394 115 45 149 0.1195 20,693 11,853 19,615 1.65* 2.68 2 0 80 18 PP-64 3 0.140 3706 394 115 45 140 0.1083 19,835 10,912 18,361 1.68* PP-65 3 0.140 3706 394 115 45 148 0.1092 18,986 11,285 18,466 1.64* PP-66 4 0.025 3895 205 70 30 1802 0.0412 3,293 148,334 256,830 1.73 PP-67 4 0.025 3895 205 70 30 1801 0.0448 3,582 146,069 244,922 1.68 0.46 13 9 43 35 PP-68 4 0.025 3895 205 70 30 1803 0.0363 2,899 146,190 240,227 1.64 PP-69 4 0.025 3895 205 100 30 1801 0.0251 2,006 27,639 43,958 1.59 PP-70 4 0.025 3895 205 100 30 1801 0.0276 2,207 23,327 39,530 1.69 PP-71 4 0.025 3895 205 100 30 1801 0.0289 2,311 23,193 37,667 1.62 1.66 6 8 67 19 PP-72 4 0.100 3690 410 100 45 385 0.0750 7,013 19,133 34,498 1.80 PP-73 4 0.100 3690 410 100 45 413 0.0840 7,322 20,238 35,033 1.73 1.43 4 3 78 15 PP-74 4 0.100 3690 410 100 45 408 0.0680 6,000 21,140 39,289 1.86 PP-75 4 0.100 3690 410 100 45 419 0.0780 6,702 17,946 32,638 1.82 PP-76 4 0.100 3690 410 110 45 387 0.0790 7,349 12,512 22,125 1.77 PP-77 4 0.100 3690 410 110 45 395 0.0810 7,382 12,319 23,162 1.88 2.29 3 3 80 14 PP-78 4 0.100 3690 410 110 45 362 0.0740 7,359 12,618 21,714 1.72 PP-80 4 0.100 3690 410 115 45 376 0.0660 6,319 9,499 16,288 1.71 PP-81 4 0.100 3690 410 115 45 389 0.0760 7,033 8,718 16,714 1.92 2.85 2 3 81 14 PP-82 4 0.100 3690 410 115 45 371 0.0590 5,725 8,500 15,716 1.85 PP-83 4 0.100 3690 410 115 45 400 0.0640 5,760 8,495 16,286 1.92 CPP-1 5 0.100 3690 410 100 45 106 0.1710 58,075 81,754 166,050 2.03 0.50 12 4 36 48 CPP-2 5 0.025 3895 205 100 30 562 0.0666 17,053 149,325 218,995 1.47* 0.54 19 18 15 48 CPP-3 5 0.080 3832 268 100 45 126 0.1748 62,379 94,271 151,197 1.60* 0.61 10 10 33 47 CPP-4 5 0.025 3895 205 100 30 559 0.0685 17,652 154,163 224,874 1.46* 0.65 11 21 23 45 CPP-5 5 0.080 3832 268 100 45 118 0.1600 61,017 104,515 162,175 1.55* 0.72 8 17 28 47 CPP-6 5 0.100 3790 310 110 45 89 0.1759 71,311 50,772 83,127 1.64* 0.74 12 0 42 46 CPP-7 5 0.100 3690 410 110 45 105 0.1860 63,771 45,107 98,604 2.19 0.78 11 9 40 40 CPP-8 5 0.120 3748 352 115 45 102 0.1529 44,927 41,255 66,402 1.61* 0.88 7 0 45 48 CPP-9 5 0.025 3895 205 70 30 634 0.0974 22,136 855,536 1,231,099 1.44* 0.88 6 28 32 34 CPP-10 5 0.100 3690 410 115 45 103 0.1640 57,320 31,028 71,043 2.29 0.91 9 7 45 40 CPP-11 5 0.100 3790 310 110 45 91 0.1769 70,214 48,806 80,007 1.64* 0.92 11 9 39 41 CPP-12 5 0.120 3748 352 115 45 88 0.1676 56,878 36,447 61,036 1.67* 1.12 8 6 45 41 CPP-13 5 0.025 3895 205 70 30 641 0.0844 18,948 942,680 1,313,975 1.39* 2.02 10 43 27 19 CPP-14 6 0.080 3752 348 100 45 107 0.1900 79,907 105,004 217,130 2.07 0.52 10 11 35 44 CPP-15 6 0.080 3752 348 110 45 97 0.1580 73,299 63,872 135,550 2.12 0.59 8 14 36 42 CPP-16 6 0.080 3752 348 115 45 103 0.1460 63,786 58,220 107,249 1.84 0.82 9 13 35 43 CPP-17 7 0.080 3752 348 100 45 149 0.1430 43,188 136,290 259,066 1.90 0.44 9 7 41 43 CPP-18 7 0.060 3814 286 110 45 174 0.1184 40,898 90,873 140,793 1.55* 0.56 11 5 32 52 CPP-19 7 0.080 3752 348 110 45 136 0.1210 40,037 82,945 150,717 1.82 0.61 8 12 36 44 CPP-20 7 0.060 3814 286 110 45 175 0.1117 38,232 93,333 143,950 1.54* 0.62 15 8 29 48 CPP-21 7 0.040 3876 224 100 45 249 0.0992 35,798 157,179 250,895 1.60* 0.63 9 13 24 54 CPP-22 7 0.060 3814 286 115 45 182 0.0930 30,676 67,400 104,636 1.55* 0.76 12 7 34 47 CPP-23 7 0.080 3752 348 115 45 140 0.1160 37,286 59,972 111,756 1.86 0.80 8 16 40 36 CPP-24 7 0.060 3814 286 115 45 232 0.0892 23,069 74,492 112,638 1.51* 0.82 10 12 33 45 CPP-25 7 0.040 3876 224 100 45 280 0.1016 32,657 174,695 264,209 1.51* 0.83 5 19 24 52 *Rapid GPC system was used

TABLE 5 Polymerization examples producing polypropylene or ethylene-propylene copolymers Activity Isohexane Toluene Quench Value Quench (g P/mmol total unsat/ % % % % Ex # Cat ID Cat (umol) C2 (psig) (uL) (uL) (psid) Time (s) Yield (g) cat · hr) Mn Mw PDI C2 (wt %) 1000 C. vinylene trisub vinyl vinylidene PP-84 1 0.040 0 3832 268 5 936 0.0470 4,519 42,141 69,263 1.64 PP-85 1 0.040 0 3832 268 5 960 0.0520 4,875 46,588 78,382 1.68 PP-86 1 0.040 0 3832 268 5 941 0.0520 4,973 43,176 76,050 1.76 PP-87 1 0.040 0 3832 268 5 938 0.0520 4,989 43,579 74,727 1.71 0.76 3 9 63 25 EP-1 1 0.025 10 3875 205 5 531 0.0460 12,475 50,816 90,205 1.78 6.5 EP-2 1 0.025 10 3875 205 5 562 0.0540 13,836 59,091 96,009 1.62 7.1 EP-3 1 0.025 10 3875 205 5 486 0.0550 16,296 58,276 98,116 1.68 7.8 0.58 2 10 59 29 EP-4 1 0.025 10 3875 205 5 449 0.0500 16,036 50,468 89,738 1.78 8.2 EP-5 1 0.025 20 3855 205 5 198 0.0500 36,364 68,056 118,980 1.75 15.6 EP-6 1 0.025 20 3855 205 5 226 0.0590 37,593 72,598 121,045 1.67 14.3 0.56 0 18 64 18 EP-7 1 0.025 20 3855 205 5 227 0.0570 36,159 65,629 117,986 1.80 15.8 EP-8 1 0.025 20 3855 205 5 228 0.0580 36,632 69,711 118,662 1.70 15.5 EP-9 1 0.025 40 3835 205 5 99 0.0590 85,818 110,181 181,267 1.65 29.1 EP-10 1 0.025 40 3835 205 5 114 0.0690 87,158 99,136 178,943 1.81 24.4 0.42 2 0 67 31 EP-11 1 0.025 40 3835 205 5 117 0.0670 82,462 101,315 179,684 1.77 27.0 EP-12 1 0.025 40 3835 205 5 143 0.0670 67,469 86,072 157,959 1.84 24.0 EP-13 1 0.025 60 3815 205 5 81 0.0830 147,556 106,100 205,666 1.94 32.3 EP-14 1 0.025 60 3815 205 5 89 0.0900 145,618 111,422 209,358 1.88 34.6 EP-15 1 0.025 60 3815 205 5 71 0.0800 162,254 133,950 224,785 1.68 37.1 EP-16 1 0.025 60 3815 205 5 88 0.0870 142,364 116,186 217,379 1.87 34.2 0.42 0 5 67 29 EP-17 1 0.025 80 3795 205 5 52 0.0960 265,846 147,160 274,151 1.86 44.3 EP-18 1 0.025 80 3795 205 5 58 0.1040 258,207 149,560 267,604 1.79 45.9 EP-19 1 0.025 80 3795 205 5 63 0.0990 226,286 132,841 252,290 1.90 43.6 0.25 0 16 64 20 EP-20 1 0.025 80 3795 205 5 62 0.0920 213,677 142,941 267,803 1.87 42.6 PP-88 2 0.040 0 3832 268 5 587 0.0490 7,513 87,995 157,653 1.79 PP-89 2 0.040 0 3832 268 5 673 0.0620 8,291 100,826 189,737 1.88 0.52 10 13 29 48 PP-90 2 0.040 0 3832 268 5 693 0.0500 6,494 92,994 177,316 1.91 PP-91 2 0.040 0 3832 268 5 761 0.0550 6,505 76,406 164,459 2.15 EP-21 2 0.025 10 3875 205 5 293 0.0540 26,539 106,172 183,474 1.73 7.2 EP-22 2 0.025 10 3875 205 5 350 0.0650 26,743 113,629 203,852 1.79 7.3 EP-23 2 0.025 10 3875 205 5 351 0.0680 27,897 100,899 199,855 1.98 6.4 0.72 6 22 24 49 EP-24 2 0.025 10 3875 205 5 373 0.0590 22,777 100,951 187,051 1.85 6.6 EP-25 2 0.025 20 3855 205 5 202 0.0680 48,475 104,810 188,540 1.80 10.2 EP-26 2 0.025 20 3855 205 5 195 0.0760 56,123 111,133 194,120 1.75 9.9 0.72 6 19 21 54 EP-27 2 0.025 20 3855 205 5 196 0.0700 51,429 93,491 199,205 2.13 10.0 EP-28 2 0.025 20 3855 205 5 210 0.0640 43,886 105,517 197,472 1.87 11.6 EP-29 2 0.025 40 3835 205 5 135 0.0670 71,467 109,365 208,164 1.90 13.7 EP-30 2 0.025 40 3835 205 5 134 0.0780 83,821 122,384 210,807 1.72 14.9 0.87 6 18 18 57 EP-31 2 0.025 40 3835 205 5 124 0.0760 88,258 105,028 206,212 1.96 17.5 EP-32 2 0.025 40 3835 205 5 165 0.0590 51,491 111,398 211,924 1.90 17.5 EP-33 2 0.025 60 3815 205 5 88 0.0790 129,273 120,766 221,480 1.83 20.5 EP-34 2 0.025 60 3815 205 5 95 0.0880 133,389 105,233 206,245 1.96 20.7 EP-35 2 0.025 60 3815 205 5 103 0.0880 123,029 112,463 211,076 1.88 20.5 1.03 3 24 20 52 EP-36 2 0.025 60 3815 205 5 89 0.0870 140,764 103,893 210,177 2.02 20.1 EP-37 2 0.025 80 3795 205 5 62 0.0910 211,355 130,170 235,913 1.81 26.5 EP-38 2 0.025 80 3795 205 5 75 0.1040 199,680 120,086 233,064 1.94 24.2 EP-39 2 0.025 80 3795 205 5 78 0.1030 190,154 107,858 227,024 2.10 24.9 1.02 9 25 21 45 EP-40 2 0.025 80 3795 205 5 74 0.1000 194,595 115,712 220,812 1.91 29.2 PP-92 3 0.040 0 3832 268 8 710 0.0341 4,324 176,043 258,609 1.47* PP-93 3 0.040 0 3832 268 8 593 0.0150 2,275 119,952 175,476 1.46* PP-94 3 0.040 0 3832 268 8 839 0.0716 7,677 196,848 294,867 1.50* 0.41 15 17 34 34 PP-95 3 0.040 0 3832 268 8 458 0.0260 5,111 198,851 295,870 1.49* EP-41 3 0.025 10 3875 205 8 628 0.0855 19,614 253,640 378,524 1.49* 2.7{circumflex over ( )} EP-42 3 0.025 10 3875 205 8 265 0.1033 56,239 241,178 364,758 1.51* 7.0 0.37 3 11 32 54 EP-43 3 0.025 10 3875 205 8 411 0.0425 14,905 249,068 369,780 1.48* 3.7{circumflex over ( )} EP-44 3 0.025 20 3855 205 8 830 0.0666 11,559 252,311 378,505 1.50* 2.5{circumflex over ( )} EP-45 3 0.025 40 3835 205 8 660 0.0300 6,541 141,949 209,884 1.48* 3.3{circumflex over ( )} EP-46 3 0.025 40 3835 205 8 324 0.1073 47,732 280,203 423,604 1.51* 5.7 0.22 0 9 41 50 EP-47 3 0.025 40 3835 205 8 229 0.0985 61,939 285,692 433,261 1.52* 8.6 EP-48 3 0.025 60 3815 205 8 186 0.0866 67,153 247,802 379,087 1.53* 13.3 EP-49 3 0.025 60 3815 205 8 140 0.1236 127,041 273,686 420,459 1.54* 16.5 0.62 10 21 26 44 EP-50 3 0.025 60 3815 205 8 112 0.1138 146,445 277,860 433,119 1.56* 17.8 PP-96 4 0.040 0 3832 268 5 960 0.0530 4,969 118,661 221,792 1.87 0.45 9 13 42 36 PP-97 4 0.040 0 3832 268 5 942 0.0510 4,873 117,083 225,123 1.92 PP-98 4 0.040 0 3832 268 5 942 0.0490 4,682 114,986 210,574 1.83 PP-99 4 0.040 0 3832 268 5 985 0.0510 4,660 124,263 221,259 1.78 EP-51 4 0.025 10 3875 205 5 603 0.0590 14,090 133,985 247,303 1.85 7.4 0.52 4 13 38 44 EP-52 4 0.025 10 3875 205 5 534 0.0570 15,371 109,826 242,356 2.21 6.9 EP-53 4 0.025 10 3875 205 5 564 0.0570 14,553 141,698 250,688 1.77 7.1 EP-54 4 0.025 10 3875 205 5 520 0.0570 15,785 128,379 249,771 1.95 6.8 EP-55 4 0.025 20 3855 205 5 299 0.0610 29,378 146,950 261,854 1.78 9.8 0.63 3 19 35 43 EP-56 4 0.025 20 3855 205 5 495 0.0540 15,709 154,351 277,773 1.80 8.5 EP-57 4 0.025 20 3855 205 5 331 0.0600 26,103 155,459 263,645 1.70 10.1 EP-58 4 0.025 20 3855 205 5 292 0.0490 24,164 133,630 275,629 2.06 11.5 EP-59 4 0.025 40 3835 205 5 226 0.0720 45,876 126,287 292,588 2.32 12.3 EP-60 4 0.025 40 3835 205 5 247 0.0690 40,227 177,839 335,565 1.89 12.3 EP-61 4 0.025 40 3835 205 5 204 0.0750 52,941 174,283 311,839 1.79 12.8 0.69 3 20 35 42 EP-62 4 0.025 40 3835 205 5 272 0.0530 28,059 168,558 320,613 1.90 12.9 EP-63 4 0.025 60 3815 205 5 165 0.0790 68,945 165,525 322,769 1.95 17.3 EP-64 4 0.025 60 3815 205 5 217 0.0700 46,452 199,090 372,888 1.87 16.6 EP-65 4 0.025 60 3815 205 5 151 0.0800 76,291 151,289 336,358 2.22 17.8 0.41 5 5 44 46 EP-66 4 0.025 60 3815 205 5 168 0.0770 66,000 153,138 329,066 2.15 17.2 EP-67 4 0.025 80 3795 205 5 119 0.0960 116,168 167,966 373,149 2.22 24.1 EP-68 4 0.025 80 3795 205 5 129 0.0940 104,930 196,545 375,761 1.91 21.4 0.61 3 48 28 21 EP-69 4 0.025 80 3795 205 5 123 0.0960 112,390 180,501 381,542 2.11 25.9 EP-70 4 0.025 80 3795 205 5 145 0.0760 75,476 189,308 371,595 1.96 23.5 CPP-26 5 0.030 0 3874 226 8 524 0.1325 30,361 804,326 1,150,173 1.43* 0.48 13 25 25 38 CEP-1 5 0.025 10 3875 205 8 268 0.3336 178,981 438,867 831,898 1.90* 5.4 0.29 10 28 28 34 CEP-2 5 0.025 60 3815 205 8 118 0.1662 203,510 552,950 866,613 1.57* 14.7 0.22 0 27 14 59 CPP-27 7 0.015 0 3843 257 20 2381 0.2267 22,849 792,130 1114,738 1.41* 0.23 4 30 30 35 CEP-3 7 0.015 10 3823 257 20 669 0.3066 109,975 506,161 754,924 1.49* 7.8 1.21 8 40 27 25 CEP-4 7 0.015 10 3823 257 20 677 0.3260 115,637 522,720 859,328 1.64* 7.3 0.42 2 40 31 26 CEP-5 7 0.015 20 3803 257 20 607 0.3286 129,946 461,687 689,923 1.49* 8.6 0.95 13 34 26 27 CEP-6 7 0.015 20 3803 257 20 634 0.2939 111,256 496,852 806,139 1.62* 6.7 0.46 13 46 22 20 CEP-7 7 0.015 40 3783 257 20 322 0.2779 207,002 410,436 635,467 1.55* 17.9 0.39 18 38 10 33 CEP-8 7 0.015 40 3783 257 20 480 0.3406 170,371 431,237 657,602 1.52* 14.2 0.33 9 33 24 33 CEP-9 7 0.015 60 3763 257 20 363 0.3605 238,413 342,645 569,183 1.66* 16.7 0.82 7 46 27 20 CEP-10 7 0.015 60 3763 257 20 382 0.3807 239,371 152,282 257,905 1.69* 22.6 0.47 11 34 23 32 CEP-11 7 0.015 80 3743 257 20 281 0.3723 317,640 296,492 534,277 1.80* 27.4 0.37 0 41 22 38 CEP-12 7 0.015 80 3743 257 20 276 0.3638 316,922 306,842 518,383 1.69* 24.5 0.52 15 48 17 19 CPP-28 8 0.04 0 3832 268 5 2700 0.027 900 117,510 193,958 1.65 0.0 0.39 3 8 15 74 CPP-29 8 0.04 0 3832 268 5 2703 0.027 899 129,832 208,244 1.60 0.0 0.39 3 8 15 74 CEP-13 8 0.025 10 3875 205 5 233 0.043 26,575 125,881 216,508 1.72 29.9 CEP-14 8 0.025 10 3875 205 5 297 0.047 22,788 125,210 219,363 1.75 25.5 0.53 9 23 15 53 CEP-15 8 0.025 20 3855 205 5 147 0.052 50,939 137,408 233,455 1.70 37.4 0.19 0 0 16 84 CEP-16 8 0.025 20 3855 205 5 131 0.045 49,466 125,693 229,397 1.83 31.8 CEP-17 8 0.025 40 3835 205 5 66 0.066 144,000 140,920 255,436 1.81 47.4 0.16 0 13 25 63 CEP-18 8 0.025 40 3835 205 5 63 0.059 134,857 156,782 265,582 1.69 42.1 CEP-19 8 0.025 60 3815 205 5 56 0.096 246,857 149,485 269,583 1.80 53.3 0.13 0 0 23 77 CEP-20 8 0.025 60 3815 205 5 53 0.086 233,660 148,752 274,922 1.85 50.9 CEP-21 8 0.025 80 3795 205 5 44 0.121 396,000 167,638 295,848 1.76 54.0{circumflex over ( )} 0.17 0 35 29 35 CEP-22 8 0.025 80 3795 205 5 46 0.104 325,565 165,717 288,536 1.74 52.7 *Rapid GPC system was used. {circumflex over ( )}Outside FTIR calibration range

FIG. 1 is a graph of vinyl unsaturation (%) in polymers (polypropylene or ethylene-propylene copolymer) produced at a reactor temperature of 70° C. for inventive catalysts, Cat IDs 1-4, versus comparative catalysts, Cat IDS 5, 7, and 8. FIG. 1 shows that the inventive catalysts generally produce polymers with higher amounts of vinyl unsaturation versus the comparative catalysts. The higher vinyl unsaturation for the hafnium based Cat ID 3 [diphenylmethylene(4,5-dimethylfluoren-9-yl)(cyclopentadien-1-yl)hafnium dimethyl] versus comparative zirconium based Cat ID 8 [diphenylmethylene(4,5-dimethylfluoren-9-yl)(cyclopentadien-1-yl)zirconium dimethyl] is notable. Vinyl unsaturation could be further enhanced by increasing the polymerization temperature or by use of a particular activator, such as a larger discrete activator.

FIG. 2 is a graph of vinyl unsaturation (%) versus reactor temperature in polypropylene produced at various reactor temperatures, including 70° C., 100° C., 110° C., and 115° C. The inventive catalysts, Cat IDs 1-4, clearly show an increase in vinyl unsaturation as the reactor temperature is increased. The increase is substantially less for comparative catalysts, Cat IDs 5, 6, and 7.

FIG. 3 is a graph of vinyl unsaturation (%) versus polymer Mn for polypropylene polymers at various reactor temperatures, including 70° C., 100° C., 110° C., and 115° C. The inventive catalysts, Cat IDs 1-4, show a higher amount of vinyl unsaturations versus the comparative catalysts, Cat IDs 5, 6, and 7, at each reaction temperature.

FIG. 4 is a graph of ENB incorporation (%) versus catalyst activity for E-ENB copolymers. FIG. 4 shows that Cat ID 1 incorporates ENB well, and also has very good catalyst activity. FIG. 5 is a graph of ENB incorporation (%) versus polymer Mn for the same polymers shown in FIG. 4. FIG. 5 shows that Cat ID 1 has a slightly lower, but still acceptable Mn versus the other catalysts.

All documents described herein are incorporated by reference herein, including any priority documents and/or testing procedures to the extent they are not inconsistent with this text. As is apparent from the foregoing general description and the specific embodiments, while forms of the invention have been illustrated and described, various modifications can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Accordingly, it is not intended that the invention be limited thereby. Likewise, the term “comprising” is considered synonymous with the term “including.” Likewise, whenever a composition, an element or a group of elements is preceded with the transitional phrase “comprising”, it is understood that we also contemplate the same composition or group of elements with transitional phrases “consisting essentially of,” “consisting of,” “selected from the group of consisting of,” or “is” preceding the recitation of the composition, element, or elements and vice versa. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A syndiotactic propylene polymer having: 1) at least 50% allyl chain ends and/or 3-alkyl chain ends relative to the total number of unsaturated chain ends; 2) an Mw of 10,000 g/mol or more; 3) no detectable melting temperature by DSC; and 4) an Mw/Mn of 1.4 to 10, where the syndiotactic propylene polymer is a homopolymer and is prepared by a process comprising contacting propylene with a catalyst system, the catalyst system comprising an activator and at least one catalyst compound represented by formula (I):

wherein each R¹, R², R³, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R⁹, R¹⁰, R¹¹, and R¹² is independently hydrogen or a C₁ to C₁₀ alkyl, and wherein any of R¹ and R², R² and R³, R⁶ and R⁷, and R⁷ and R⁸ are optionally bonded together to form a ring structure; each R⁴ and R⁵ is independently a C₁ to C₁₀ alkyl; J is SiR¹³R¹⁴, GeR¹³R¹⁴ or (CR¹⁵R¹⁶)_(x), where x is 1 or 2; R¹³ and R¹⁴ are each independently selected from the group consisting of substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbyl, halocarbyl, and silylcarbyl; R¹⁵ and R¹⁶ are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbyl, halocarbyl and silylcarbyl; and R¹³ and R¹⁴, or R¹⁵ and R¹⁶, when R¹⁵ and R¹⁶ are not hydrogen, are optionally bonded together to form a ring structure; and each X is independently a univalent anionic ligand, or two Xs are joined and bound to the metal atom to form a metallocycle ring, or two Xs are joined to form a chelating ligand, a diene ligand, or an alkylidene ligand.
 2. The syndiotactic propylene polymer of claim 1, wherein the catalyst compound is represented by formula (II):

wherein each R¹, R², R³, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R⁹, and R¹² is independently hydrogen or a C₁ to C₁₀ alkyl, and wherein any of R¹ and R², R² and R³, R⁶ and R⁷, and R⁷ and R⁸ are optionally bonded together to form a ring structure; each R⁴ and R⁵ is independently a C₁ to C₁₀ alkyl; each R¹³ and R¹⁴ is independently selected from the group consisting of substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbyl, halocarbyl, and silylcarbyl; and each X is independently a univalent anionic ligand, or two Xs are joined and bound to the metal atom to form a metallocycle ring, or two Xs are joined to form a chelating ligand, a diene ligand, or an alkylidene ligand.
 3. The syndiotactic propylene polymer of claim 1, wherein the catalyst compound is represented by formula (III):

wherein each R¹, R², R³, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R⁹, and R¹² is independently hydrogen or a C₁ to C₁₀ alkyl, and wherein any of R¹ and R², R² and R³, R⁶ and R⁷, and R⁷ and R⁸ are optionally bonded together to form a ring structure; each R⁴ and R⁵ is independently a C₁ to C₁₀ alkyl; x is 1 or 2; each R¹⁵ and R¹⁶ is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbyl, halocarbyl and silylcarbyl; and R¹⁵ and R¹⁶, when R¹⁵ and R¹⁶ are not hydrogen, are optionally bonded together to form a ring structure; and each X is independently a univalent anionic ligand, or two Xs are joined and bound to the metal atom to form a metallocycle ring, or two Xs are joined to form a chelating ligand, a diene ligand, or an alkylidene ligand.
 4. The syndiotactic propylene polymer of claim 1, wherein each R⁴ and R⁵ is independently selected from the group consisting of methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, and isomers thereof.
 5. The syndiotactic propylene polymer of claim 1, wherein each R⁴ and R⁵ is independently selected from the group consisting of n-propyl, isopropyl, methyl, and ethyl.
 6. The syndiotactic propylene polymer of claim 1, wherein each R¹, R², R³, R⁶, R⁷, and R⁸ is independently hydrogen or a C₁-C₅ alkyl.
 7. The syndiotactic propylene polymer of claim 1, wherein J is Si or C and each R¹, R², R³, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R⁹, and R¹² is independently hydrogen or a C₁-C₅ alkyl.
 8. The syndiotactic propylene polymer of claim 1, wherein each R⁹, R¹⁰, R¹¹, and R¹² is independently hydrogen or a C₁-C₅ alkyl.
 9. The syndiotactic propylene polymer of claim 1, wherein each R⁹ and R¹² is independently hydrogen or a C₁-C₅ alkyl and R¹⁰ and R¹¹ are hydrogen.
 10. The syndiotactic propylene polymer of claim 1, wherein J is SiR¹³R¹⁴, and each R¹³ and R¹⁴ is independently selected from the group consisting of substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbyl, halocarbyl, and silylcarbyl, and R¹³ and R¹⁴ are optionally bonded together to form a ring structure.
 11. The syndiotactic propylene polymer of claim 1, wherein J is Si and R¹³ and R¹⁴ are joined together to form a 4, 5, or 6-membered ring structure.
 12. The syndiotactic propylene polymer of claim 1, wherein J is Si or C and each R¹³ and R¹⁴ is independently selected from the group consisting of methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl, phenyl, tolyl, benzyl, and isomers thereof.
 13. The syndiotactic propylene polymer of claim 1, wherein J is selected from the group consisting of dimethylsilylene, diethylsilylene, methylethylsilylene, methylphenylsilylene, diphenylsilylene, and dipropylsilylene.
 14. The syndiotactic propylene polymer of claim 1, wherein J is selected from the group consisting of cyclotrimethylenesilylene, cyclotetramethylenesilylene, and cyclopentamethylenesilylene.
 15. The syndiotactic propylene polymer of claim 1, wherein J is (CR¹⁵R¹⁶)_(x), where x is 1 or 2, each R¹⁵ and R¹⁶ is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbyl, halocarbyl, and silylcarbyl; and R¹⁵ and R¹⁶, when R¹⁵ and R¹⁶ are not hydrogen, and are optionally bonded together to form a ring structure.
 16. The syndiotactic propylene polymer of claim 15, wherein x is 1 and each R¹⁵ and R¹⁶ is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl, phenyl, tolyl, benzyl, and isomers thereof.
 17. The syndiotactic propylene polymer of claim 15, wherein x is 1 and R¹⁵ and R¹⁶ are joined together to form a 4, 5, or 6-membered ring structure.
 18. The syndiotactic propylene polymer of claim 1, wherein J is selected from the group consisting of dimethyl methylene, diethylmethylene, methylethylmethylene, methylphenylmethylene, diphenylmethylene, and dipropylmethylene.
 19. The syndiotactic propylene polymer of claim 1, wherein J is ethylene or methylene.
 20. The syndiotactic propylene polymer of claim 1, wherein each X is independently methyl, benzyl, or halo, where halo includes fluoride, chloride, bromide, and iodide.
 21. A syndiotactic propylene homopolymer having: 1) at least 50% allyl chain ends and/or 3-alkyl chain ends relative to the total number of unsaturated chain ends; 2) an Mw of 10,000 g/mol or more; 3) no detectable melting temperature by DSC; and 4) an Mw/Mn of 1.4 to 10, where the syndiotactic propylene homopolymer is prepared by a process comprising contacting propylene with a catalyst system, the catalyst system comprising an activator and at least one compound represented by formula (IV):

wherein each R¹, R², R³, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R⁹, and R¹² is independently hydrogen or a C₁ to C₅ alkyl, and wherein any of R¹ and R², R² and R³, R⁶ and R⁷, and R⁷ and R⁸ are optionally bonded together to form a ring structure; each R⁴ and R⁵ is independently selected from the group consisting of methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, and isomers thereof; each R¹³ and R¹⁴ is independently selected from the group consisting of substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbyl, halocarbyl, and silylcarbyl; and each X is independently a univalent anionic ligand, or two Xs are joined and bound to the metal atom to form a metallocycle ring, or two Xs are joined to form a chelating ligand, a diene ligand, or an alkylidene ligand.
 22. A syndiotactic propylene homopolymer having: 1) at least 50% allyl chain ends and/or 3-alkyl chain ends relative to the total number of unsaturated chain ends; 2) an Mw of 10,000 g/mol or more; 3) no detectable melting temperature by DSC: and 4) an Mw/Mn of 1.4 to
 10. 23. A syndiotactic propylene homopolymer having: 1) at least 50% allyl chain ends and/or 3-alkyl chain ends relative to the total number of unsaturated chain ends; 2) an Mw of 4000 g/mol or more; 3) no detectable melting temperature by DSC: and 4) an Mw/Mn of 1.4 to 10; and a branching index (g′_(vis)) of 0.90 or less, as determined by GPC.
 24. The syndiotactic propylene homopolymer of claim 22, where the homopolymer has 1) at least 60% allyl chain ends and/or 3-alkyl chain ends relative to the total number of unsaturated chain ends.
 25. The syndiotactic propylene homopolymer of claim 22, where the homopolymer has at least 70% allyl chain ends and/or 3-alkyl chain ends relative to the total number of unsaturated chain ends.
 26. The syndiotactic propylene homopolymer of claim 22, where the homopolymer has an Mw of 25,000 to 5,000,000 g/mol.
 27. The syndiotactic propylene homopolymer of claim 22, where the homopolymer has an Mw of 50,000 to 5,000,000 g/mol.
 28. A syndiotactic propylene polymer having: 1) at least 50% allyl chain ends and/or 3-alkyl chain ends relative to the total number of unsaturated chain ends; 2) an Mw of 4,000 g/mol or more; 3) no detectable melting temperature by DSC; and 4) a branching index (g′_(vis)) of 0.90 or less, as determined by GPC, where the syndiotactic propylene polymer is a homopolymer and is prepared by a process comprising contacting propylene with a catalyst system, the catalyst system comprising an activator and at least one catalyst compound represented by formula (I):

wherein each R¹, R², R³, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R⁹, R¹⁰, R¹¹, and R¹² is independently hydrogen or a C₁ to C₁₀ alkyl, and wherein any of R¹ and R², R² and R³, R⁶ and R⁷, and R⁷ and R⁸ are optionally bonded together to form a ring structure; each R⁴ and R⁵ is independently a C₁ to C₁₀ alkyl; J is SiR¹³R¹⁴, GeR¹³R¹⁴ or (CR¹⁵R¹⁶)_(x), where x is 1 or 2; R¹³ and R¹⁴ are each independently selected from the group consisting of substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbyl, halocarbyl, and silylcarbyl; R¹⁵ and R¹⁶ are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbyl, halocarbyl and silylcarbyl; and R¹³ and R¹⁴, or R¹⁵ and R¹⁶, when R¹⁵ and R¹⁶ are not hydrogen, are optionally bonded together to form a ring structure; and each X is independently a univalent anionic ligand, or two Xs are joined and bound to the metal atom to form a metallocycle ring, or two Xs are joined to form a chelating ligand, a diene ligand, or an alkylidene ligand.
 29. The syndiotactic propylene polymer of claim 1, where the polymer has 1) at least 60% allyl chain ends and/or 3-alkyl chain ends relative to the total number of unsaturated chain ends.
 30. The syndiotactic propylene polymer of claim 1, where the polymer has at least 70% allyl chain ends and/or 3-alkyl chain ends relative to the total number of unsaturated chain ends.
 31. The syndiotactic propylene polymer of claim 1, where the homopolymer has a Mw of 25,000 to 5,000,000 g/mol.
 32. The syndiotactic propylene polymer of claim 1, where the homopolymer has a Mw of 50,000 to 5,000,000 g/mol.
 33. A syndiotactic copolymer of ethylene and propylene, wherein the copolymer comprises from 0.1 to 50 wt % ethylene and having: 1) at least 50% allyl chain ends and/or 3-alkyl chain ends relative to the total number of unsaturated chain ends; 2) an Mw of 4,000 g/mol or more; and 3) a g′_(vis) of 0.90 or less.
 34. A syndiotactic propylene polymer having: 1) a branching index (g′_(vis)) of 0.90 or less, as determined by GPC; 2) at least 50%, allyl chain ends and/or 3-alkyl chain ends; 3) an Mw from 3,000 to 500,000 g/mol.
 35. The syndiotactic propylene polymer of claim 1, wherein the syndiotactic propylene polymer has an Mw/Mn of 1.4 to
 5. 36. The syndiotactic propylene polymer of claim 22, wherein the syndiotactic propylene polymer has an Mw/Mn of 1.4 to
 5. 